Crops ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4): 187-192.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.04.026

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Study on Feasibility of Seasonal Substituted Planting of Maize to Rice in Cd Contaminated Paddy Field

Wang Yuanyuan1,2(), Gu Zihan1,3(), Chen Pingping1, Yi Zhenxie1()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
    2Liling Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Liling 412200, Hunan, China
    3Hengyang Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
  • Received:2021-04-07 Revised:2021-10-11 Online:2022-08-15 Published:2022-08-22
  • Contact: Yi Zhenxie E-mail:529348432@qq.com;594252054@qq.com;yizhenxie@126.com

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Abstract:

The growth duration, yield, economic benefit and Cd content in agro-products were compared among three types of planting patterns, double-cropping rice (RR), spring maize-late rice (MR), early rice-autumn maize (RM), to discuss the feasibility of seasonal substituted planting of maize to rice in Cd-contaminated paddy field in Hunan province. The results showed that the late-season crops of three patterns could mature in late October from the view of the growth season, and all three modes were suitable for planting in double-cropping rice area in Hunan province. The total yields of two season crop of RR and MR were higher in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while the difference was not significant. Compared with the net income of RR, that of MR and RM declined in 2015, while significantly increased in 2016, and the total income of two years showed the trend of MR > RM > RR, and the net income of single labor force in MR and RM were higher than that of RR. Cd contents in brown rice in RM and MR had a decreasing trend compared with that of RR, especially in late rice in 2016, which decreased from 0.823mg/kg to 0.621mg/kg). Cd content in rice grain was at 0.231-0.823mg/kg, while Cd content in maize grain was 0.036-0.081mg/kg. Rice had a lot higher Cd accumulation than maize, and late rice had a substantially higher Cd accumulation than early rice. The total Cd accumulation of two-season crops in the three patterns indicated the trend of RR > MR > RM with a significant difference. It could be seen that the double cropping rice pattern could be replaced with spring maize-late rice on early rice-autumn maize patterns in terms of growth season, yield, net income, and grain Cd content. The spring maize-late rice pattern should be favoured due to the huge amount of aboveground Cd elimination.

Key words: Cadmium polluted paddy field, Maize, Rice, Planting pattern, Substituted planting, Feasibility

Table 1

"

种植模式
Planting pattern		 2015 2016
早季作物
Early season crop		 晚季作物
Late season crop		 早季作物
Early season crop		 晚季作物
Late season crop
播种Sowing 成熟Maturity 播种Sowing 成熟Maturity 播种Sowing 成熟Maturity 播种Sowing 成熟Maturity
双季稻
Double-cropping rice		 03-22 07-03 06-11 10-18 03-24 07-09 06-12 10-17
早稻―秋玉米
Early rice-autumn maize		 03-22 07-03 07-10 10-18 03-24 07-09 07-15 10-28
春玉米―晚稻
Spring maize-late rice		 03-26 07-18 06-11 10-22 03-26 07-19 06-12 10-23

Table 2

Yield of crops under different planting patterns kg/hm2"

种植模式
Planting pattern		 2015 2016
早季作物
Early season crop		 晚季作物
Late season crop		 全年
Whole year		 早季作物
Early season crop		 晚季作物
Late season crop		 全年
Whole year
双季稻
Double-cropping rice		 7210.8 7739.4 14 950.2a 5233.7 6298.3 11 532.0a
早稻―秋玉米
Early rice-autumn maize		 7188.5 7598.6 14 787.1a 5469.5 5756.6 11 226.1a
春玉米―晚稻
Spring maize-late rice		 6818.0 7181.9 13 999.9a 5395.6 6571.9 11 967.5a

Table 3

Cadmium contents in various organs of rice at maturity stage in different planting patterns mg/kg"

器官
Organ		 2015 2016
早稻Early rice 晚稻Late rice 早稻Early rice 晚稻Late rice
双季稻
RR		 早稻―秋玉米
RM		 双季稻
RR		 春玉米―晚稻
MR		 双季稻
RR		 早稻―秋玉米
RM		 双季稻
RR		 春玉米―晚稻
MR
根Root 8.022a 7.414ab 6.809b 6.197b 7.088d 10.810c 19.893a 15.538b
茎Stem 3.575c 3.263c 5.132a 4.536b 4.474c 4.540c 9.950a 6.226b
叶Leaf 1.038a 0.997a 1.085a 0.976a 0.526d 0.616c 1.686a 1.348b
枝梗Branch 0.520b 0.496b 0.661a 0.657a 0.259d 0.328c 1.303a 0.990b
谷壳Chaff 0.537a 0.514a 0.327b 0.302b 0.387d 0.424c 1.209a 0.515b
糙米Brown rice 0.344a 0.332a 0.244b 0.231b 0.426c 0.429c 0.823a 0.621b
精米Milled rice ― ― 0.212a 0.201a 0.366c 0.361c 0.775a 0.463b
糠层Bran layer ― ― 0.310a 0.288b 0.608c 0.611c 1.442a 0.827b

Table 4

Cadmium contents in different organs of maize at maturity stage mg/kg"

器官
Organ		 春玉米Spring maize 秋玉米Autumn maize
2015 2016 2015 2016
根Root 5.275a 3.001c 2.408d 3.932b
茎Stem 0.957b 0.941b 1.329a 1.295a
叶Leaf 0.901a 0.823b 0.457c 0.973a
籽粒Seed 0.036b 0.071a 0.037b 0.081a

Table 5

Cadmium accumulation of upland of crops under different planting patterns g/hm2"

种植模式
Planting pattern		 2015 2016
早季Early season 晚季Late season 合计Total 早季Early season 晚季Late season 合计Total
双季稻RR 18.25 23.79 42.04a 14.76 46.54 61.30a
早稻―秋玉米RM 15.47 4.31 19.78c 16.75 2.43 19.18c
春玉米―晚稻MR 3.60 23.35 26.95b 2.92 28.30 31.22b

Table 6

"

项目
Item		 双季稻Early rice-late rice 早稻―秋玉米Early rice-autumn maize 春玉米―晚稻Spring maize-late rice
早稻
Early rice		 晚稻
Late rice		 早稻
Early rice		 秋玉米
Autumn maize		 春玉米
Spring maize		 晚稻
Late rice
农资
Production goods		 种子 1125 1050 1125 720 720 1050
化肥 1860 1860 1860 2160 2160 1860
农药 600 600 600 200 200 600
机械Machine 收获 1200 1200 1200 0 0 1200
耕地 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
劳动力Labour 播种 900 900 900 480 480 900
移栽 1800 1800 1800 0 0 1800
间苗 0 0 0 240 240 0
喷药 900 900 900 600 600 900
施肥 600 600 600 720 720 600
收获 0 0 600 600 0
单季投入Single season input 10 335 10 260 10 335 7070 7070 10 260
全年投入Whole year input 20 595a 17 405b 17 330b

Table 7

Output and net income of different planting patterns"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 作物
Crop		 投入（元/hm2）
Input value
(yuan/hm2)		 实际产量
Actual yield
(kg/hm2)		 产值（元/hm2）
Output value
(yuan/hm2)		 纯收入（元/hm2）
Net income
(yuan/hm2)		 总纯收入（元/hm2）
Total net income
(yuan/hm2)
2015 双季稻 早稻 10 335 7210.8 17 594.2 7259.2 16 347.7a
晚稻 10 260 7739.4 19 348.5 9088.5
早稻―秋玉米 早稻 10 335 7188.5 17 540.0 7205.0 15 332.1ab
秋玉米 7070 7598.6 15 197.1 8127.1
春玉米―晚稻 春玉米 7070 6818.0 13 636.0 6566.0 14 260.8b
晚稻 10 260 7181.9 17 954.8 7694.8
2016 双季稻 早稻 10 335 5233.7 12 770.2 2435.2 7920.9c
晚稻 10 260 6298.3 15 745.7 5485.7
早稻―秋玉米 早稻 10 335 5469.5 13 345.7 3010.7 9756.5b
秋玉米 7070 5756.6 13 815.8 6745.8
春玉米―晚稻 春玉米 7070 5395.6 12 949.5 5879.5 12 049.2a
晚稻 10 260 6571.9 16 429.7 6169.7

Table 8

Ratio of net income to labour number of different planting patterns"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 纯收入（元/hm2）
Net income (yuan/hm2)		 劳动力数（个/hm2）
Labour number (number/hm2)		 纯收入/劳动力数（元/个）
Net income/labour number (yuan/number)
2015 双季稻 16 347.7 70.0 233.5
早稻―秋玉米 15 332.1 57.0 269.0
春玉米―晚稻 14 260.8 57.0 250.2
2016 双季稻 7920.9 70.0 113.2
早稻―秋玉米 9756.5 57.0 171.2
春玉米―晚稻 12 049.3 57.0 211.4
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