Crops ›› 2021, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (2): 108-115.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.02.015

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Sorghum

Cao Xiaoyan1, Wu Ailian2, Wang Jinsong2, Dong Erwei2, Jiao Xiaoyan2()   

  1. 1College of Bioengineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
    2College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University (Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2020-11-20 Revised:2021-02-05 Online:2021-04-15 Published:2021-04-16
  • Contact: Jiao Xiaoyan E-mail:xiaoyan_jiao@126.com;1289561127@qq.com

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Abstract:

To establish the nitrogen management practice for grain sorghum, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on its growth, grain yield and quality, N accumulation and translocation. Less fertile air-dried soil was selected with six nitrogen levels, 0 (N0), 0.05 (N1), 0.1 (N2), 0.2 (N3), 0.4 (N4), and 0.6 (N5) g/kg. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, leaf SPAD value, grain yield, number of grains per panicle, and harvest index under N3 treatment were significantly higher than those under N0 and N5 treatments. The starch content in N3 treatment was lower than that in N1 treatment, but the starch yield of N3 was the highest. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization, the grain tannin content decreased and protein content increased, and the total protein output was the highest in N3 and N4. High NO3--N concentration of leaf sheath was induced by high N fertilization intensity. It is worthy of mentioning that NO3--N concentration of leaf sheath of N3 treatment was significantly higher than those of N0, N1, and N2 at flag leaf and anthesis stages. However, there was a similar value of NO3--N concentration of leaf sheath for these four treatments at filling stage. N3 treatment induced the highest percentage of N translocation from shoot to grain, which was 76.76%. In conclusion, appropriate nitrogen fertilization was beneficial to the growth and yield of sorghum, and increased NO3--N accumulation in leaf sheath at the early stage of growth, which could coordinate the relationship between grain yield and functional components and obtain higher total starch and protein yield.

Key words: Sorghum, N fertilization rate, Grain yield, Starch content and yield, N use efficiency, N translocation

Fig.1

Effects of N fertilization on dry matter accumulation in sorghum"

Fig.2

Effects of N fertilization on leaf area per plant and SPAD in sorghum Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level, the same below"

Table 1

Effects of N fertilization on grain yield and harvest index of sorghum"

处理Treatment 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 穗粒数
Grains number
per panicle		 籽粒产量(g/盆)
Grain yield
(g/pot)		 收获指数
Harvest
index (%)
N0 16.82±0.28c 113.12±3.08c 5.70±0.11c 27.57±0.59c
N1 21.98±0.32b 354.41±11.18b 23.35±0.47b 45.50±0.43a
N2 22.60±2.04b 448.99±25.52a 29.60±0.79b 47.42±0.70a
N3 22.23±1.35b 545.10±37.34a 34.21±0.81a 49.51±0.78a
N4 28.80±0.46a 366.50±13.95b 31.64±1.11b 44.57±0.01a
N5 23.76±0.43b 296.60±9.54b 21.12±0.54b 42.25±1.17b

Table 2

Effects of N fertilization on quality of grain yield of sorghum"

处理
Treatment		 单宁
Tannic
(g/kg)		 淀粉Starch 蛋白质Protein
含量(%)
Content		 单籽粒产量
Production per
grain (mg)		 总产量(g/盆)
Total production
(g/pot)		 含量(%)
Content		 单籽粒产量
Production per
grain (mg)		 总产量(g/盆)
Total production
(g/pot)
N0 16.5±0.1a 69.6±0.4b 11.8±0.2d 4.0±0.1e 6.3±0.1d 1.2±0.0e 0.4±0.0e
N1 15.3±0.4ab 73.7±0.2a 16.2±0.2b 17.2±0.4b 6.2±0.2d 1.4±0.0de 1.4±0.0d
N2 15.2±0.9ab 71.3±0.1b 14.5±0.7cd 21.1±0.6a 8.0±0.1c 1.6±0.1d 2.4±0.1c
N3 14.2±0.8ab 67.6±0.6c 14.4±1.2cd 23.1±0.7a 11.7±0.1b 2.5±0.2c 4.0±0.1a
N4 12.9±0.1b 67.0±0.7c 19.3±0.4a 21.2±0.7a 12.8±0.2a 3.7±0.1a 4.0±0.1a
N5 14.5±0.2ab 66.4±0.2c 15.8±0.3c 14.0±0.3c 13.2±0.3a 3.1±0.1b 2.8±0.1b

Table 3

Effects of N fertilization on NO3—N concentration in leaf sheaths mg/kg"

处理
Treatment		 挑旗期
Flag leaf stage		 穗花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Grain filling stage
N0 46.3±4.7c 27.5±6.1c 56.3±8.8b
N1 34.5±0.5c 25.0±2.0c 29.6±1.3b
N2 63.2±29.8c 36.8±1.0c 30.3±0.7b
N3 1903.3±322.0bc 756.3±62.7b 45.9±3.7b
N4 2878.5±656.2ab 3772.6±602.7a 2800.0±271.4a
N5 4197.4±828.5a 4343.2±310.5a 6804.4±119.6a

Table 4

Effects of N fertilization on N concentration in different parts of sorghum g/kg"

处理
Treatment		 穗花期Anthesis stage 收获期Harvest stage
茎叶Shoot 花穗Panicle 茎叶Shoot 籽粒Grain 穗芯Inflorenscence
N0 5.35±0.10d 10.40±0.43c 3.59±0.07d 10.93±0.21c 4.17±0.25c
N1 6.92±0.18d 12.30±0.11b 3.73±0.16d 9.87±0.25c 3.41±0.07c
N2 9.36±0.13c 14.53±0.27a 4.22±0.11d 12.85±0.13c 3.80±0.35c
N3 13.98±0.77b 15.93±0.74a 5.32±0.22c 18.75±0.21b 5.51±0.05b
N4 15.33±0.31ab 15.30±0.64a 8.71±0.25b 20.40±0.30ab 6.11±0.24ab
N5 16.05±0.31a 15.20±0.41a 12.10±0.47a 21.13±0.50a 6.86±0.20a

Fig.3

Effects of N fertilization on nitrogen accumulation in different positions"

Table 5

Effects of N fertilization on N translocation from leaf and stem to grain"

处理
Treatment		 N转运量
(mg/盆)
N translocation
(mg/pot)		 转运N占
籽粒N比例
Proportion of N translocation to grain (%)		 营养器官
氮转运率
N translocation
rate of source-
sink (%)
N0 31.59±0.62c 49.89±0.58b 39.70±0.76c
N1 155.09±11.96b 67.48±5.47ab 63.33±1.22b
N2 272.55±11.74b 71.60±1.67a 70.40±0.49ab
N3 490.11±32.08a 76.45±4.79a 76.76±0.86a
N4 470.19±44.33a 72.54±5.30a 61.09±1.93ab
N5 235.29±32.22b 52.16±5.18b 44.12±4.86c

Table 6

Effects of N fertilization on N utilization efficiency"

处理
Treatment		 氮利用效率
N utilization
efficiency (%)		 氮偏生产力
Partial productivity
of N fertilizer (g/g)		 氮生理利用效率
Physiological N
use efficiency (g/g)
N0 - 49.2±1.1c -
N1 49.5±0.7a 70.0±0.8a 81.4±1.1a
N2 45.8±1.4a 57.3±0.4b 59.7±0.5b
N3 40.8±0.8b 39.6±2.1d 40.0±0.7c
N4 24.6±0.9c 32.5±0.2e 30.1±0.3d
N5 12.5±0.3d 27.4±0.8f 23.4±0.9e

Fig.4

The response of grain starch content, grain yield and starch yield to the nitrogen content of shoot"

Fig.5

Response of grain starch content, grain yield and starch yield to nitrate content in leaf sheath"

Table 7

Relationship between grain yield, starch content and starch yield with N concentration in shoots"

生育期Growth stage 指标Index 响应曲线Regression equation 决定系数Coefficient of determination (R2) P
花期Anthesis 籽粒产量 y=-63.33x2+152.12x-55.35 0.849 0.000
籽粒淀粉含量 y=24.06x3-86.42x2+91.78x+42.27 0.854 0.000
淀粉产量 y=-46.49x2+109.81x-39.60 0.838 0.000
收获期Harvest 籽粒产量 y=229.77x3-643.40x2+548.42x-109.09 0.652 0.000
籽粒淀粉含量 y=-21.46x3+63.69x2-62.44x+87.00 0.626 0.000
淀粉产量 y=154.57x3-430.78x2+364.46x-71.14 0.585 0.000

Table 8

Relationship between grain yield, starch content and starch yield with NO3--N concentration in leaf sheaths"

生育期Growth stage 指标Index 响应曲线Regression equation 决定系数Coefficient of determination (R2) P
拔节期Booting 籽粒产量 y=9.88x0.13 0.211 0.024
籽粒淀粉含量 y=-1.21E-10x3+1.41E-6x2-0.005x+71.78 0.724 0.000
淀粉产量 y=7.49x0.12 0.166 0.048
花期Anthesis 籽粒产量 y=11.00x0.12 0.197 0.030
籽粒淀粉含量 y=75.03x0.02 0.720 0.000
淀粉产量 y=8.25x0.10 0.153 0.058
灌浆期Filling 籽粒产量(y) y=17.27x0.04 0.021 0.494
籽粒淀粉含量(y) y=73.88x0.01 0.523 0.000
淀粉产量(y) y=12.76x0.03 0.010 0.640
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