Crops ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 63-72.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.03.009

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Analysis and Evaluation of Agronomic Characteristics and Nutritional Qualities of 71 Quinoa Accessions

Wang Siyu1,2(), Zuo Wenbo3(), Zhu Kaili2, Guo Huimin2, Xing Bao2, Guo Yuqing1,2, Bao Yuying1(), Yang Xiushi4(), Ren Guixing2   

  1. 1School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
    4Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
  • Received:2021-07-15 Revised:2021-12-06 Online:2022-06-15 Published:2022-06-20
  • Contact: Bao Yuying,Yang Xiushi E-mail:wsy110603@gmail.com;wenbozuo@163.com;yangxiushi@caas.cn;ndbyy@imu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

In this study, the agronomic characteristics and nutritional qualities of 71 quinoa accessions were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that there were different variances among the 11 agronomic characteristics with the coefficient of variation (CV) between 5.14% and 47.00%. For nutritional qualities, the mean values of starch, fat and protein content were 57.22%, 5.79%, and 16.10%, respectively. The fat content showed the maximum CV (13.27%), while protein content and starch content exhibited relatively small CV (6.97% and 3.14%). The total amino acid contents of quinoa samples ranged from 8.35 to 11.30g/100g. Quinoa exhibited a better balanced amino acid score than standard cereal crops. Leaf length, leaf width, ripening plant height, petiole length, stem diameter, grain weight per plant and grain diameter, were all strongly connected with the amount of various nutritional components, according to correlation analysis. The cumulative contribution rate of the first five principle components was 70.020%, according to principal component analysis. When the genetic distance reached 7.5, cluster analysis was able to separate all of the quinoa samples into five categories. Quinoa samples of 20HZ61B, 20HZ24B, 20HZ92 and 20HZ07 in the category I possessed relatively higher 1000-grain weight and protein content, while samples of 20HZ35, 20HZ68, 20HZ94 and 20HZ14B in the category III showed relatively large grain weight per plant and 1000-grain weight. These quinoa germplasms had the potential to be developed into excellent varieties. Finally, 19 specific germplasms with early maturity, large grain, thick stem, high grain weight per plant, short stem, high yield, high protein and high amino acid content were screened out.

Key words: Quinoa, Germplasm resource, Nutritional quality, Agronomic characteristic, Correlation analysis

Table 1

Sample codes and origin of the 71 quinoa accessions"

序号
Number		 编号
Code		 来源地
Origin		 序号
Number		 编号
Code		 来源地
Origin
1 20HZ01 智利 37 20HZ65 中国甘肃
2 20HZ03 智利 38 20HZ66 中国青海
3 20HZ05 智利 39 20HZ67 中国青海
4 20HZ07 智利 40 20HZ68 中国青海
5 20HZ08 智利 41 20HZ69 中国青海
6 20HZ11 智利 42 20HZ70 中国青海
7 20HZ13 智利 43 20HZ71 中国青海
8 20HZ14 智利 44 20HZ72 中国青海
9 20HZ16 玻利维亚 45 20HZ73 中国青海
10 20HZ18 玻利维亚 46 20HZ74 中国内蒙古
11 20HZ19 玻利维亚 47 20HZ75 中国内蒙古
12 20HZ20 玻利维亚 48 20HZ77 中国内蒙古
13 20HZ22 玻利维亚 49 20HZ78 中国内蒙古
14 20HZ23 玻利维亚 50 20HZ80 中国内蒙古
15 20HZ27 玻利维亚 51 20HZ84 中国内蒙古
16 20HZ28 玻利维亚 52 20HZ85 中国内蒙古
17 20HZ30 玻利维亚 53 20HZ86 中国内蒙古
18 20HZ32 玻利维亚 54 20HZ89 中国内蒙古
19 20HZ33 玻利维亚 55 20HZ91 中国山西
20 20HZ34 玻利维亚 56 20HZ92 中国山西
21 20HZ35 玻利维亚 57 20HZ93 中国山西
22 20HZ36 玻利维亚 58 20HZ94 中国山西
23 20HZ37 玻利维亚 59 20HZ95 中国山西
24 20HZ38 玻利维亚 60 20HZ96 中国山西
25 20HZ39 玻利维亚 61 20HZ98 中国云南
26 20HZ40 玻利维亚 62 20HZ100 中国云南
27 20HZ41 玻利维亚 63 20HZ04B 中国云南
28 20HZ45 玻利维亚 64 20HZ06B 中国云南
29 20HZ46 秘鲁 65 20HZ14B 中国云南
30 20HZ49 秘鲁 66 20HZ22B 中国云南
31 20HZ52 秘鲁 67 20HZ61B 中国云南
32 20HZ54 秘鲁 68 20HZ24B 中国云南
33 20HZ57 中国甘肃 69 20HZ27B 中国云南
34 20HZ62 中国甘肃 70 20HZ48B 中国云南
35 20HZ63 中国甘肃 71 20HZ51B 中国云南
36 20HZ64 中国甘肃

Table 2

Descriptive analysis of investigation results of quantitative traits of the 71 quinoa accessions"

性状Trait 最小值Minimum 最大值Maximum 平均值Mean 变异系数Coefficient of variation (%)
叶片长Leaf length (cm) 5.10 8.92 6.93 10.55
叶片宽Leaf width (cm) 4.52 7.48 5.84 11.09
叶柄长Petiole length (cm) 3.60 6.40 4.96 13.52
花期株高Flowering plant height (cm) 38.22 90.72 60.04 17.68
茎粗度Stem diameter (cm) 0.60 1.18 0.89 14.11
成熟期株高Ripening plant height (cm) 80.50 177.67 125.42 15.71
主花序长Main inflorescence length (cm) 33.33 67.75 49.26 15.91
生育期Growth period (d) 116.00 144.00 125.96 9.54
粒径Grain diameter (cm) 1.75 2.27 2.05 6.39

Fig.1

Box plot of grain weight per plant and 1000-grain weight of the 71 quinoa accessions"

Table 3

The results of starch, protein and fat contents of the 71 quinoa accessions %"

编号Code 淀粉Starch 蛋白质Protein 脂肪Fat 编号Code 淀粉Starch 蛋白质Protein 脂肪Fat
20HZ01 54.56±0.54 15.84±0.58 6.19±0.08 20HZ65 55.25±0.10 15.96±0.80 5.10±0.16
20HZ03 58.32±0.29 14.79±0.15 6.27±0.22 20HZ66 57.15±0.06 14.71±0.43 4.30±0.08
20HZ05 57.88±0.08 16.81±0.38 6.23±0.13 20HZ67 56.33±0.06 16.87±0.59 6.13±0.20
20HZ07 57.67±0.04 16.01±0.86 5.91±0.21 20HZ68 55.29±0.04 16.93±0.25 6.32±0.22
20HZ08 58.21±0.06 16.37±0.94 7.07±0.12 20HZ69 57.77±0.02 16.32±0.90 5.33±0.21
20HZ11 57.24±0.04 15.80±0.78 6.80±0.22 20HZ70 57.53±0.08 14.95±1.05 6.01±0.19
20HZ13 61.20±0.06 15.40±0.45 6.30±0.11 20HZ71 56.49±0.00 15.68±0.35 4.99±0.19
20HZ14 57.77±0.08 17.23±0.11 5.79±0.19 20HZ72 55.70±0.19 16.58±0.10 5.48±0.08
20HZ16 57.96±0.04 14.40±0.13 6.40±0.06 20HZ73 58.56±0.02 17.14±0.55 4.75±0.07
20HZ18 56.54±0.04 17.39±0.77 5.45±0.10 20HZ74 56.89±0.10 14.67±0.89 6.75±0.08
20HZ19 57.47±0.04 14.46±0.15 6.01±0.09 20HZ75 57.91±0.06 16.72±0.41 4.11±0.18
20HZ20 58.07±0.04 16.72±1.03 7.49±0.03 20HZ77 54.51±0.10 16.96±0.09 6.56±0.13
20HZ22 59.45±0.04 15.53±0.49 5.17±0.06 20HZ78 59.24±1.49 15.72±0.90 5.77±0.03
20HZ23 56.98±0.06 15.61±0.09 5.31±0.16 20HZ80 58.90±0.02 15.95±0.62 6.53±0.05
20HZ27 58.70±0.04 16.86±0.30 5.10±0.14 20HZ84 55.78±0.02 15.70±0.39 6.24±0.07
20HZ28 57.96±0.08 17.75±0.25 7.15±0.14 20HZ85 58.06±0.06 15.95±0.31 5.49±0.14
20HZ30 54.67±0.06 16.01±0.53 6.03±0.16 20HZ86 56.26±0.08 16.24±0.16 5.44±0.19
20HZ32 57.16±0.04 14.84±0.86 5.67±0.06 20HZ89 56.42±0.12 17.00±0.29 6.01±0.22
20HZ33 56.18±0.06 15.52±0.38 5.76±0.08 20HZ91 60.34±0.08 17.66±0.67 4.99±0.22
20HZ34 59.32±0.04 15.39±0.87 3.92±0.07 20HZ92 55.08±0.06 18.05±0.09 5.36±0.18
20HZ35 56.48±0.06 13.79±0.73 6.77±0.17 20HZ93 55.86 ±0.10 17.55±0.22 5.17±0.11
20HZ36 58.70±0.04 13.89±0.64 6.15±0.16 20HZ94 59.15±0.08 18.24±0.39 5.03±0.16
20HZ37 58.74±0.06 15.71±0.75 6.13±0.08 20HZ95 60.30±0.02 16.42±0.44 5.80±0.05
20HZ38 56.92±0.06 15.09±0.50 4.85±0.09 20HZ96 59.12±0.12 15.37±0.41 6.07±0.05
20HZ39 56.41±0.04 15.38±0.65 6.55±0.15 20HZ98 53.16±0.21 17.83±0.78 5.83±0.21
20HZ40 57.55±0.04 15.10±0.92 7.09±0.13 20HZ100 58.09±0.02 16.93±0.79 5.68±0.10
20HZ41 57.24±0.10 14.98±0.56 6.57±0.05 20HZ04B 56.35±0.04 15.03±0.94 5.69±0.06
20HZ45 56.05±0.04 15.10±0.89 6.50±0.04 20HZ06B 53.43±0.04 17.38±0.49 4.54±0.19
20HZ46 57.29±0.04 15.23±0.82 5.73±0.14 20HZ14B 54.43±0.02 17.77±0.62 5.49±0.19
20HZ49 57.86±0.11 15.18±0.20 6.55±0.17 20HZ22B 61.33±0.17 16.61±0.29 4.89±0.22
20HZ52 54.80±0.02 15.48±0.26 6.67±0.20 20HZ61B 55.26±0.02 17.63±0.93 4.64±0.13
20HZ54 56.73±0.16 16.19±0.69 5.97±0.20 20HZ24B 58.06±0.04 18.28±0.45 4.41±0.17
20HZ57 58.34±0.08 14.67±0.46 5.79±0.16 20HZ27B 55.50±0.12 18.87±0.18 4.50±0.10
20HZ62 57.36±0.08 15.55±0.64 6.69±0.06 20HZ48B 61.91±0.18 16.64±0.72 5.29±0.14
20HZ63 57.82±0.04 14.71±0.94 6.59±0.12 20HZ51B 53.20±0.04 16.36±0.65 5.61±0.14
20HZ64 56.54±0.04 15.84±0.42 6.44±0.17 变异系数
Coefficient of variation (%)		 3.14
6.91
13.27

Fig.2

Box plot of 16 amino acid content of the 71 quinoa accessions *: indispensable amino acid"

Table 4

Descriptive analysis of nutrition value of indispensable amino acids of the 71 quinoa accessions"

项目
Item		 贴近度
U(a,μi)		 氨基酸比值系数RC 氨基酸比值系数分
SRC
赖氨酸
Lys		 异亮氨酸
Ile		 亮氨酸
Leu		 苏氨酸
Thr		 缬氨酸
Val		 甲硫氨酸
Met		 苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸
Phe+Tyr
平均值Mean 0.84 1.40 1.04 1.22 1.01 1.00 0.33 1.47 62.52
变幅Range 0.80~0.88 1.31~1.50 0.95~1.24 1.15~1.28 0.93~1.08 0.90~1.07 0.23~0.45 1.38~1.56 57.53~68.56
变异系数CV (%) 2.24 2.61 5.43 2.28 3.79 4.06 15.97 2.80 3.34

Table 5

Correlation analysis of nutritional components and agronomic traits"

性状
Trait		 淀粉
Starch		 脂肪
Fat		 蛋白质
Protein		 氨基酸
总量
Total
amino
acid		 叶片
长
Leaf
length		 叶片
宽
Leaf
width		 叶柄
长
Petiole
length		 花期株高
Flowering
plant
height		 茎粗度
Stem
diameter		 单株
产量
Grain
weight
per plant		 千粒重
1000-
grain
weight		 粒径
Grain
diameter		 成熟期
株高
Ripening
plant
height		 主花序长
Main
inflorescence
length		 生育期
Growth
period
淀粉Starch 1.000
脂肪Fat -0.041 1.000
蛋白质Protein -0.171 -0.369** 1.000
氨基酸总量
Total amino acid		 -0.163 -0.090 0.526** 1.000
叶片长
Leaf length		 -0.123 -0.011 0.039 -0.242* 1.000
叶片宽
Leaf width		 -0.241* 0.001 0.088 -0.351** 0.748** 1.000
叶柄长
Petiole length		 -0.211* -0.125 0.169 -0.230* 0.641** 0.739** 1.000
花期株高
Flowering plant
height		 -0.057 -0.013 0.237* 0.047 0.529** 0.453** 0.344** 1.000
茎粗度
Stem diameter		 -0.181 -0.103 0.382** -0.051 0.620** 0.634** 0.648** 0.650** 1.000
单株产量
Grain weight
per plant		 -0.320** 0.048 0.095 -0.058 0.035 0.090 0.206* -0.043 0.220* 1.000
千粒重
1000-grain weight		 -0.015 -0.041 0.187 0.185 0.275* 0.262* 0.357** 0.243* 0.216* -0.143 1.000
粒径
Grain diameter		 0.205* -0.060 0.150 0.071 0.105 0.031 0.116 0.088 0.088 -0.088 0.519** 1.000
成熟期株高
Ripening plant
height		 -0.203* -0.048 0.179 0.031 0.027 0.132 0.242* -0.060 0.171 0.288** -0.143 -0.041 1.000
主花序长
Main inflorescence
length		 -0.139 -0.048 0.216* 0.029 0.090 0.136 0.280** -0.025 0.237* 0.351** -0.122 0.009 0.796** 1.000
生育期
Growth period		 -0.096 -0.068 -0.182 -0.070 -0.144 -0.051 0.008 -0.264* -0.078 0.031 -0.191 -0.072 0.337** 0.413** 1.000

Table 6

Principal components analysis of nutritional indicators and agronomic traits"

性状
Trait		 成分1
Factor 1		 成分2
Factor 2		 成分3
Factor 3		 成分4
Factor 4		 成分5
Factor 5
淀粉Starch -0.058 -0.156 -0.231 0.018 0.179
脂肪Fat -0.030 -0.088 0.020 0.279 -0.370
蛋白质Protein 0.158 0.235 -0.030 -0.235 0.115
天冬氨酸Asp 0.276 -0.052 0.091 0.125 0.106
苏氨酸Thr 0.254 -0.041 0.146 0.122 0.213
丝氨酸Ser 0.153 -0.055 0.220 0.263 0.394
谷氨酸Glu 0.269 -0.038 0.018 0.062 0.056
脯氨酸Pro 0.177 0.029 -0.001 -0.172 0.362
甘氨酸Gly 0.257 0.063 -0.127 -0.112 0.016
丙氨酸Ala 0.220 0.036 0.154 0.155 0.108
缬氨酸Val 0.235 0.062 -0.162 -0.118 -0.170
甲硫氨酸Met 0.065 -0.104 0.134 0.494 -0.037
异亮氨酸Ile 0.236 0.076 -0.171 -0.170 -0.188
亮氨酸Leu 0.274 0.054 -0.040 -0.111 -0.002
酪氨酸Tyr 0.193 0.010 0.132 0.267 -0.229
苯丙氨酸Phe 0.254 -0.019 -0.001 0.097 -0.254
赖氨酸Lys 0.262 0.035 0.041 -0.077 -0.025
组氨酸His 0.264 0.028 -0.066 -0.096 -0.149
精氨酸Arg 0.206 0.016 -0.070 0.034 -0.214
花期株高Flowering plant height 0.295 0.006 0.003 0.036 -0.005
茎粗度Stem diameter 0.006 0.331 -0.151 0.166 -0.083
叶柄长Petiole length -0.022 0.432 0.015 0.019 -0.039
叶片长Leaf length -0.077 0.405 0.079 0.053 0.065
叶片宽Leaf width -0.080 0.383 -0.043 0.210 -0.085
粒径Grain diameter -0.112 0.385 0.054 0.200 0.031
千粒重1000-grain weight 0.028 0.109 -0.192 0.006 0.313
单株产量Grain weight per plant 0.054 0.219 -0.229 0.179 0.258
生育期Growth period -0.013 0.108 0.253 -0.290 -0.060
主花序长Main inflorescence length -0.026 -0.082 0.395 0.011 0.092
成熟期株高Ripening plant height 0.011 0.129 0.429 -0.204 -0.079
特征值Eigenvalue 11.336 3.930 2.674 2.082 1.685
贡献率Contribution rate (%) 36.570 12.680 8.630 6.720 5.440
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate (%) 36.570 49.250 57.870 64.590 70.020

Fig.3

Cluster analysis of nutritional indicators and agronomic traits"

Table 7

The 19 quinoa accessions with elite agronomic traits and nutritional components"

编号
Code		 特异性状
Specific trait		 淀粉
Starch
(%)		 脂肪
Fat
(%)		 蛋白质
Protein
(%)		 氨基酸总量
Total amino
acid (g/100g)		 茎粗度
Stem
diameter
(cm)		 粒径
Grain
diameter
(cm)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 单株产量
Grain weight
per plant (g)		 生育期
Growth
period (d)		 成熟期株高
Ripening plant
height (cm)
20HZ07 大粒 57.67 5.91 16.01 10.50 0.78 2.15 3.62 32.89 118 124.40
20HZ27 大粒、高氨基酸 58.70 5.10 16.87 10.80 0.78 2.23 3.72 25.15 118 109.50
20HZ28 高氨基酸 57.96 7.15 17.75 11.30 0.76 2.22 3.25 47.05 118 103.67
20HZ33 大粒 56.18 5.76 15.51 9.83 0.92 2.13 3.51 40.46 119 132.67
20HZ34 早熟 59.32 3.92 15.39 9.74 0.74 1.76 2.13 18.44 116 80.00
20HZ35 早熟、矮茎、高产 56.48 6.77 13.79 9.29 0.96 1.94 2.38 80.32 116 100.00
20HZ52 高氨基酸 54.80 6.67 15.48 10.80 0.96 2.12 2.84 66.41 143 121.00
20HZ64 粗茎 56.54 6.44 15.83 9.38 1.18 2.06 2.68 20.53 141 102.50
20HZ65 粗茎 55.25 5.10 15.96 9.99 1.06 2.13 3.03 36.90 142 145.00
20HZ68 高单株产量 55.29 6.32 16.93 9.96 0.98 1.98 2.70 95.19 118 143.67
20HZ72 高单株产量 55.70 5.48 16.58 10.20 0.70 2.06 2.04 93.86 144 167.25
20HZ73 高氨基酸 58.56 4.75 17.13 10.80 1.04 1.75 2.89 41.28 141 141.00
20HZ77 早熟、粗茎 54.51 6.56 16.96 9.51 1.08 1.90 2.70 59.51 116 121.50
20HZ92 粗茎、高蛋白质 55.08 5.36 18.05 9.44 1.08 2.08 3.01 44.18 119 132.40
20HZ94 早熟、高蛋白质、矮茎高产 59.15 5.03 18.24 10.00 0.98 2.18 3.38 80.10 116 107.00
20HZ98 高蛋白质 53.16 5.83 17.83 10.06 0.90 1.85 3.04 36.78 116 121.67
20HZ14B 粗茎、高单株产量 54.43 5.49 17.77 10.40 1.12 1.93 1.99 95.09 118 177.67
20HZ24B 粗茎、大粒、高蛋白质 58.06 4.41 18.28 9.89 1.06 2.24 3.56 40.36 118 125.80
20HZ27B 高蛋白质、高氨基酸 55.50 4.50 18.86 10.80 1.04 2.21 3.33 73.27 119 129.25
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