Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (4): 126-135.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.04.019

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Analysis of High-Yielding Planting Density and Nitrogen Application in Super-Late Sowing Wheat Following Rice

Zhang Mingwei1,2(), Ding Jinfeng1, Zhu Xinkai1, Guo Wenshan1()   

  1. 1Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Wheat Research Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    2Yangzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2022-02-14 Revised:2022-04-06 Online:2023-08-15 Published:2023-08-15

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Abstract:

In order to explore the high and stable yield technology suitable for the late sowing wheat, three factors (planting density, nitrogen application rate and nitrogen fertilizer management) were used to test the effects of different cultivation techniques on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, quality and economic benefits by agronomic management under super-late sowing condition (more than 30 days than suitable sowing date). The results showed that density, N application rate, and nitrogen fertilizer management had significant regulatory effects on super-late sowing wheat yield, N use efficiency, quality formation, and economic benefits. With the increase of planting density, the yield presented a trend of first increased and then decreased. The yield was highest at density 3.30×106/ha; and the yields of 5:1:2:2 and 6:0:2:2 treatments were higher than that of 4:2:1:3 treatment. With the increase of density and nitrogen application rate, the net income first increased and then decreased, and the net income of 6:0:2:2 treatment was higher. Under the conditions of planting density 3.30×106/ha, nitrogen fertilizer 225kg/ha, nitrogen applied ratios of 5:1:2:2 and 6:0:2:2, the N fertilizer partial productivity, N physiological efficiency, N apparent utilization rate and yields were higher. As the planting density increased, the protein content showed a downward trend, the wet gluten content and sedimentation value first increased and then decreased, the bulk weight increased continuously. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer, protein content, wet gluten content and sedimentation value all increased, the starch content and bulk weight were opposite. When the cultivation combination was planting density 3.30×106/ha, nitrogen fertilizer 225kg/ha, P and K fertilizers 90kg/ha, nitrogen applied ratios of basis:tillering:jointing:booting=5:1:2:2 or 6:0:2:2, Yangmai 23 could obtain target yield above 6750kg/ha under super-late sowing condition.

Key words: Wheat, Super-late sowing, Yield, Quality, Nitrogen efficiency, Economic benefits, High yield cultivation techniques

Table 1

Effects of density and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and its components of super-late sowing wheat (2015-2016)"

种植密度
Planting density
(×104/hm2)		 施氮量
N amount
(kg/hm2)		 氮肥运筹
N ratio		 穗数
Spike number
(×104/hm2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)
270 180 4:2:1:3 413.06g 36.55abcd 40.17abc 5548.36f
5:1:2:2 419.05fg 37.21abc 39.62abcd 5789.43ef
6:0:2:2 423.34fg 36.69abcd 39.41abcd 5798.02ef
225 4:2:1:3 436.41efg 36.83abcd 40.25abc 5793.80ef
5:1:2:2 447.25defg 37.76a 40.10abc 6044.86bcdef
6:0:2:2 440.87defg 36.98abcd 40.11abc 5909.67def
270 4:2:1:3 442.03defg 37.69ab 39.75abcd 5989.51cdef
5:1:2:2 459.90cdefg 37.00abcd 39.52abcd 6071.84bcdef
6:0:2:2 458.33cdefg 37.51ab 39.60abcd 6177.70abcdef
330 180 4:2:1:3 457.50cdefg 35.97abcdef 40.26abc 6153.08bcdef
5:1:2:2 472.44bcdef 35.87abcdef 40.10abc 6353.17abcdef
6:0:2:2 468.00bcdefg 35.96abcdef 39.49abcd 6328.16abcdef
225 4:2:1:3 473.00bcdef 36.49abcdef 40.57a 6553.33abcde
5:1:2:2 495.14abcd 36.23abcdef 40.09abc 6803.40abcd
6:0:2:2 490.50abcde 36.16abcdef 40.05abc 6728.31abcd
270 4:2:1:3 507.69abc 36.58abcd 40.39ab 6783.44abcd
5:1:2:2 522.25ab 36.70abcd 39.54abcd 6953.47ab
6:0:2:2 518.08ab 36.86abcd 39.98abc 7093.40a
390 180 4:2:1:3 482.00abcde 34.32ef 40.49a 6298.35abcdef
5:1:2:2 488.12abcde 35.15cdef 40.23abc 6379.72abcdef
6:0:2:2 474.00abcdef 34.29f 40.37ab 6249.52abcdef
225 4:2:1:3 488.80abcde 34.84def 40.34abc 6542.47abcde
5:1:2:2 513.03abc 34.97def 38.75d 6553.27abcde
6:0:2:2 512.17abc 35.76abcdef 40.30abc 6763.38abcd
270 4:2:1:3 519.29ab 35.07cdef 39.74abcd 6703.35abcde
5:1:2:2 530.12a 35.20cdef 39.15cd 6769.90abcd
6:0:2:2 530.00a 35.59bcdef 39.18bcd 6836.55abc
F
种植密度Planting density 102.51** 54.89** 2.85 97.57**
施氮量N amount 39.68** 5.86** 9.46** 37.48**
氮肥运筹N ratio 4.59* 0.53ns 14.36** 5.08*
密度×施氮量Density×N amount 0.67ns 0.15ns 6.36** 1.23ns
密度×氮肥运筹Density×N ratio 0.08ns 0.46ns 2.31ns 0.38ns
施氮量×氮肥运筹N amount×N ratio 0.28ns 0.71ns 2.10ns 0.31ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹Density×N amount×N ratio 0.28ns 0.78ns 2.21* 0.38ns

Table 2

Effects of density and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and its components of super-late sowing wheat (2016-2017)"

种植密度
Planting density
(×104/hm2)		 施氮量
N amount
（kg/hm2）		 氮肥运筹
N ratio		 穗数
Spike number
(×104/hm2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)
270 180 4:2:1:3 427.50f 36.88abcd 40.68abc 6225.61g
5:1:2:2 504.00abcde 37.09abcd 39.97abcdef 6396.70fg
6:0:2:2 502.50abcde 36.95abcd 39.45def 6353.93fg
225 4:2:1:3 509.50abcde 37.78abc 40.19abcdef 6372.93fg
5:1:2:2 509.00abcde 37.18abcd 40.38abcde 6482.24efg
6:0:2:2 521.00abc 37.47abcd 40.08abcdef 6486.99efg
270 4:2:1:3 499.50abcdef 37.60abc 40.93a 6577.29defg
5:1:2:2 507.30abcde 37.96ab 40.87ab 6586.79defg
6:0:2:2 503.00abcde 38.26a 40.40abcd 6601.05cdefg
330 180 4:2:1:3 448.24cdef 36.16abcd 39.31def 6491.74efg
5:1:2:2 451.62bcdef 36.52abcd 39.23def 6629.56bcdefg
6:0:2:2 440.52ef 36.48abcd 39.19ef 6928.96abcdefg
225 4:2:1:3 457.89bcdef 36.71abcd 39.42def 7176.09abcde
5:1:2:2 453.55bcdef 37.17abcd 39.33def 7342.42ab
6:0:2:2 446.80def 36.81abcd 39.03f 7398.46a
270 4:2:1:3 450.66bcdef 36.37abcd 39.69bcdef 6985.99abcdef
5:1:2:2 458.38bcdef 37.08abcd 40.12abcdef 7326.18abc
6:0:2:2 477.50abcdef 36.87abcd 39.95abcdef 7347.17ab
390 180 4:2:1:3 485.50abcdef 35.71cd 39.50cdef 6762.63abcdefg
5:1:2:2 509.50abcde 35.90bcd 39.47def 6881.44abcdefg
6:0:2:2 522.50ab 36.14abcd 39.16f 6938.47abcdefg
225 4:2:1:3 536.00a 36.11abcd 39.69bcdef 7195.10abcde
5:1:2:2 509.00abcde 36.65abcd 39.44def 7204.60abcde
6:0:2:2 509.50abcde 35.36d 40.09abcdef 7247.37abcd
270 4:2:1:3 517.50abcd 36.75abcd 39.81abcdef 7033.52abcdef
5:1:2:2 485.50abcdef 37.03abcd 39.35def 7223.61abcd
6:0:2:2 493.50abcdef 36.93abcd 39.47def 7047.77abcdef
F
密度Density 55.06** 16.58** 41.658** 64.51**
施氮量N amount 5.45** 7.04** 12.669** 22.03**
氮肥运筹N ratio 3.14ns 0.90ns 3.34* 4.25*
密度×施氮量Density×N amount 0.75ns 1.06ns 3.44* 3.15*
密度×氮肥运筹Density×N ratio 0.22ns 0.45ns 2.21ns 0.95ns
施氮量×氮肥运筹N amount×N ratio 0.23ns 0.67ns 1.20ns 0.35ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹Density×N amount×N ratio 0.11ns 0.41ns 1.15ns 0.26ns

Table 3

Effects of density and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency of super-late sowing wheat (2015-2016)"

密度
Density (×104/hm2)		 施氮量
N amount (kg/hm2)		 氮肥运筹
N ratio		 氮肥偏生产力
NFPP (kg/kg)		 氮素农学效率
NAE (kg/kg)		 氮素生理效率
NPE (kg/kg)		 氮素表观利用率
NAR (%)
270 180 4:2:1:3 30.82bc 8.73ghij 21.99ghij 39.70jkl
5:1:2:2 32.16b 10.07defg 22.32gh 45.10fg
6:0:2:2 32.21b 10.12defg 21.07ij 48.02e
225 4:2:1:3 25.75ef 8.07hij 21.28hij 37.95l
5:1:2:2 26.87e 9.19fghi 21.61ghij 42.53ghij
6:0:2:2 26.27ef 8.59ghij 20.80jk 41.31hijk
270 4:2:1:3 22.18g 7.45j 19.76kl 37.73l
5:1:2:2 22.49g 7.76ij 18.95l 40.95ijk
6:0:2:2 22.88g 8.15hij 19.66kl 41.47hijk
330 180 4:2:1:3 34.18a 11.51abcd 24.22de 47.53ef
5:1:2:2 35.30a 12.62a 23.58ef 53.54ab
6:0:2:2 35.16a 12.48ab 23.79ef 52.49bc
225 4:2:1:3 29.13d 10.99bcde 25.63bc 42.88ghi
5:1:2:2 30.24cd 12.10abc 24.61cde 49.16de
6:0:2:2 29.90cd 11.77abc 24.61cde 47.81ef
270 4:2:1:3 25.12f 10.01defg 26.27b 38.10l
5:1:2:2 25.75ef 10.64cdef 25.21bcd 42.20hij
6:0:2:2 26.27ef 11.16abcd 27.79a 40.15ijkl
390 180 4:2:1:3 34.99a 11.13abcd 22.24ghi 50.02cde
5:1:2:2 35.44a 11.58abcd 21.83ghij 53.03ab
6:0:2:2 34.72a 10.86cde 19.44l 55.84a
225 4:2:1:3 29.08d 9.99defg 22.72fg 43.96gh
5:1:2:2 29.13d 10.03defg 19.69kl 50.96bcd
6:0:2:2 30.06cd 10.97bcde 21.24hij 51.63bcd
270 4:2:1:3 24.83f 8.92ghij 22.74fg 39.21kl
5:1:2:2 25.07f 9.16fghi 21.39hij 42.85ghi
6:0:2:2 25.32ef 9.41efgh 21.43hij 43.91gh
F
密度Density 55.06** 16.58** 41.658** 64.51**
施氮量N amount 5.45** 7.04** 12.669** 22.03**
氮肥运筹N ratio 3.14ns 0.90ns 3.34* 4.25*
密度×施氮量Density×N amount 0.75ns 1.06ns 3.44* 3.15*
密度×氮肥运筹Density×N ratio 0.22ns 0.45ns 2.21* 0.95ns
施氮量×氮肥运筹N amount×N ratio 0.23ns 0.67ns 1.20ns 0.35ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹Density×N amount×N ratio 0.11ns 0.41ns 1.15ns 0.26ns

Table 4

Effects of density and nitrogen on nitrogen use efficiency of super-late sowing wheat (2016-2017)"

密度
Density (×104/hm2)		 施氮量
N amount (kg/hm2)		 氮肥运筹
N ratio		 氮肥偏生产力
NFPP (kg/kg)		 氮素农学效率
NAE (kg/kg)		 氮素生理效率
NPE (kg/kg)		 氮素表观利用率
NAR (%)
270 180 4:2:1:3 34.59abc 11.35abcdefg 28.40abc 39.98bcdefgh
5:1:2:2 35.54abc 12.30abc 28.33abc 43.43abcdefg
6:0:2:2 35.30abc 12.07abcd 25.96abcd 46.48abcde
225 4:2:1:3 28.32efg 9.74defgh 27.53abcd 35.36fgh
5:1:2:2 28.81def 10.22cdefgh 25.45bcd 40.17bcdefgh
6:0:2:2 28.83def 10.24cdefgh 26.34abcd 38.89bcdefgh
270 4:2:1:3 24.36g 8.87gh 25.25bcd 35.14gh
5:1:2:2 24.40g 8.91gh 23.34cd 38.15cdefgh
6:0:2:2 24.45g 8.96gh 24.07bcd 37.21defgh
330 180 4:2:1:3 36.07abc 11.06abcdefgh 28.20abc 39.23bcdefgh
5:1:2:2 36.83ab 11.83abcde 25.14bcd 47.05abcd
6:0:2:2 38.49a 13.49a 29.35ab 45.97abcde
225 4:2:1:3 31.89cde 11.89abcde 31.55a 37.69defgh
5:1:2:2 32.63b-e 12.63abc 28.05abcd 45.02abcdef
6:0:2:2 32.88bcd 12.88ab 27.85abcd 46.25abcde
270 4:2:1:3 25.87fg 9.21fgh 28.74abc 32.03h
5:1:2:2 27.13fg 10.47bcdefgh 27.49abcd 38.07cdefgh
6:0:2:2 27.21fg 10.54bcdefgh 29.33ab 35.95fgh
390 180 4:2:1:3 37.57a 11.72abcde 26.37abcd 44.46abcdefg
5:1:2:2 38.23a 12.38abc 26.04abcd 47.55abc
6:0:2:2 38.55a 12.70abc 25.17bcd 50.45a
225 4:2:1:3 31.98cde 11.30a-h 27.15abcd 41.62abcdefgh
5:1:2:2 32.02cde 11.34abcdefg 23.37cd 48.53ab
6:0:2:2 32.21cde 11.53abcdef 24.51bcd 47.06abcd
270 4:2:1:3 26.05fg 8.82h 23.58bcd 37.39defgh
5:1:2:2 26.75fg 9.52efgh 23.75bcd 40.10bcdefgh
6:0:2:2 26.10fg 8.87gh 22.33d 39.73bcdefgh
F
密度Density 40.23** 19.02** 31.11** 18.06**
施氮量N amount 485.32** 96.05** 7.67** 50.14**
氮肥运筹N ratio 2.92ns 8.71** 7.37** 26.24**
密度×施氮量Density×N amount 1.97ns 5.45** 4.03* 3.11*
密度×氮肥运筹Density×N ratio 0.61ns 1.82ns 1.26ns 0.88ns
施氮量×氮肥运筹N amount×N ratio 0.37ns 1.10ns 1.23ns 1.29ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹Density×N amount×N ratio 0.17ns 0.51ns 1.48ns 0.38ns

Table 5

ANOVA of grain quality in different treatments of super-late sowing wheat"

年份
Year		 因子
Factor		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 湿面筋含量
Wet gluten content (%)		 淀粉含量
Starch content (%)		 容重
Bulk weight (g/L)		 沉降值
Sedimentation value (mL)
2015-2016 密度 36.64** 11.04** 21.34** 3.11ns 21.31**
施氮量 173.71** 30.49** 10.67** 3.42* 49.72**
氮肥运筹 18.69** 1.63ns 0.97ns 0.53ns 3.96*
密度×施氮量 5.59** 0.58ns 1.93ns 0.02ns 1.97ns
密度×氮肥运筹 3.02* 1.37ns 4.21** 0.04ns 0.37ns
施氮量×氮肥运筹 2.17ns 0.96ns 0.97ns 0.47ns 1.07ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹 3.49** 0.61ns 3.38** 0.21ns 3.18*
2016-2017 密度 192.58** 171.26** 1.69ns 2.29ns 25.07**
施氮量 262.42** 180.07** 31.74** 1.25ns 108.54**
氮肥运筹 39.09** 0.06ns 13.51** 0.02ns 1.39ns
密度×施氮量 18.05** 10.46** 6.26** 0.73ns 12.83**
密度×氮肥运筹 3.85* 27.78** 10.85** 1.08ns 6.09**
施氮量×氮肥运筹 6.92** 8.31** 3.15* 0.36ns 3.16ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹 4.20** 11.29** 8.10** 0.45ns 6.58**

Table 6

Effects of density and nitrogen amounts and ratio on grain quality of super-late sowing wheat"

年份
Year		 因素
Factor		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 湿面筋含量
Wet gluten content (%)		 淀粉含量
Starch content (%)		 容重
Bulk weight (g/L)		 沉降值
Sedimentation value (mL)
2015-2016 密度 (×104/hm2)
270 15.17a 31.74a 62.19a 848.54b 39.43b
330 14.89a 32.52a 61.58a 849.70b 41.41a
390 14.55a 31.10a 62.78a 857.46a 38.93b
施氮量 (kg/hm2)
180 14.21b 30.61b 62.61a 855.60a 37.70b
225 14.85ab 31.78ab 62.17a 854.00a 40.49a
270 15.55a 33.98a 61.77a 846.10b 41.58a
氮肥运筹
4:2:1:3 15.12a 32.08a 62.04a 849.72a 40.39a
5:1:2:2 14.76a 31.76a 62.21a 852.34a 39.29a
6:0:2:2 14.72a 31.53a 62.29a 853.63a 40.08a
2016-2017 密度 (×104/hm2)
270 15.67a 33.28a 59.63a 856.82a 38.08ab
330 15.26a 34.79a 59.53a 858.76a 39.82a
390 14.66b 33.28a 59.68a 861.85a 37.69b
施氮量 (kg/hm2)
180 14.63b 32.88b 59.98a 860.66a 36.07c
225 15.15ab 33.80ab 59.49a 859.72a 38.77b
270 15.81a 34.67a 59.37a 857.04a 40.76a
氮肥运筹
4:2:1:3 15.42a 33.77a 59.38a 859.22a 38.59a
5:1:2:2 15.19a 33.78a 59.69a 858.84a 38.24a
6:0:2:2 14.97a 33.80a 59.77a 859.36a 38.76a

Table 7

"

密度
Density
(×104/hm2)		 施氮量
N amount
(kg/hm2)		 氮肥运筹
N ratio		 2015-2016 2016-2017
总收入
General income		 成本
Cost		 纯收入
Net income		 总收入
General income		 成本
Cost		 纯收入
Net income
270 180 4:2:1:3 10 430.92j 7882.34 2548.57m 14 194.39i 7882.34 6312.05jk
5:1:2:2 10 884.13ij 7882.34 3001.78klm 14 584.48ghi 7882.34 6702.13ghijk
6:0:2:2 10 900.27ij 7582.34 3317.93ghijkl 14 486.96hi 7582.34 6904.62ghijk
225 4:2:1:3 10 892.34ij 8300.43 2591.91m 14 530.28hi 8300.43 6229.85k
5:1:2:2 11 364.34fghi 8300.43 3063.91jklm 14 779.51ghi 8300.43 6479.08ijk
6:0:2:2 11 110.18hi 8000.43 3109.75ijklm 14 790.34ghi 8000.43 6789.91ghijk
270 4:2:1:3 11 260.28ghi 8718.51 2541.77m 14 996.22fghi 8718.51 6277.71jk
5:1:2:2 11 415.06fghi 8718.51 2696.54lm 15 017.88fghi 8718.51 6299.37jk
6:0:2:2 11 614.08fgh 8418.51 3195.57hijklm 15 050.40fgh 8418.51 6631.88hijk
330 180 4:2:1:3 11 567.78fgh 8029.01 3538.77fghijk 14 801.17ghi 8029.01 6772.16ghijk
5:1:2:2 11 943.97ef 8029.01 3914.96bcdefg 15 115.40efgh 8029.01 7086.39efghij
6:0:2:2 11 896.95efg 7729.01 4167.94abcdef 15 798.03cdef 7729.01 8069.02abcd
225 4:2:1:3 12 320.25cde 8447.09 3873.16bcdefg 16 361.49abc 8447.09 7914.39abcde
5:1:2:2 12 790.39abc 8447.09 4343.30abcd 16 740.72ab 8447.09 8293.62ab
6:0:2:2 12 649.23bcd 8147.09 4502.13ab 16 868.49a 8147.09 8721.39a
270 4:2:1:3 12 752.87abc 8865.18 3887.69bcdefg 15 928.06bcde 8865.18 7062.88efghijk
5:1:2:2 13 072.53ab 8865.18 4207.35abcde 16 703.69ab 8865.18 7838.51bcdef
6:0:2:2 13 335.58a 8565.18 4770.40a 16 751.55ab 8565.18 8186.37abc
390 180 4:2:1:3 11 840.89efg 8175.68 3665.22efghij 15 418.8defg 8175.68 7243.12defghi
5:1:2:2 11 993.88def 8175.68 3818.20cdefgh 15 689.68cdef 8175.68 7514.01bcdefg
6:0:2:2 11 749.10efgh 7875.68 3873.43bcdefg 15 819.71cdef 7875.68 7944.04abcd
225 4:2:1:3 12 299.84cde 8593.76 3706.08defghij 16 404.83abc 8593.76 7811.07bcdef
5:1:2:2 12 320.16cde 8593.76 3726.40defghi 16 426.49abc 8593.76 7832.73bcdef
6:0:2:2 12 715.15abc 8293.76 4421.39abc 16 524.00abc 8293.76 8230.24ab
270 4:2:1:3 12 602.30bcd 9011.85 3590.45efghijk 16 036.43abcd 9011.85 7024.58fghijk
5:1:2:2 12 727.41abc 9011.85 3715.57defghij 16 469.83abc 9011.85 7457.98bcdefgh
6:0:2:2 12 852.72abc 8711.85 4140.87abcdef 16 068.92abcd 8711.85 7357.07cdefgh
F
密度Density 97.57** 70.49** 64.51** 46.45**
施氮量N amount 37.48** 1.17ns 22.03** 6.49**
氮肥运筹N ratio 5.08** 16.01** 4.25* 11.81**
密度×施氮量Density×N amount 1.23ns 1.23ns 3.15* 3.15*
密度×氮肥运筹Density×N ratio 0.38ns 0.38ns 0.95ns 0.95ns
施氮量×氮肥运筹N amount×N ratio 0.31ns 0.31ns 0.35ns 0.35ns
密度×施氮量×氮肥运筹Density×N amount×N ratio 0.38ns 0.38ns 0.26ns 0.26ns
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