Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 188-196.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.04.024

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Effects of Green Manure Incorporation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction on Soil Quality, Oat Yield and Quality in Hexi Irrigation District of Gansu Province

Zhou Qi1,2(), Zhang Jing1,2, Wang Zhenlong1,2, Shi Zhiguo1,2, Deng Chaochao1,2, Chang Hao1, Liu Yang1,2, Zhou Yanfang1,2()   

  1. 1Gansu Academy of Agri-Engineering Technology, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
    2Wuwei Farmland Soil Improvement and Farmland Conservation Technology Innovation Center, Wuwei 733006, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-02-25 Revised:2025-04-19 Online:2025-08-15 Published:2025-08-12

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Abstract:

To explore the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer reduction for forage oats under the mode of green manure incorporation in the Hexi irrigation district, a fixed-location field experiment was carried out. Six fertilization treatments were set up (CK: 100% nitrogen fertilizer; GFN90, GFN80, GFN70, GFN60, GFN50: green manure + 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% nitrogen fertilizer), and the effects of different treatments on the soil quality, photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits, yield and quality of forage oats were analyzed. The results showed that the treatments of green manure incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer reduction had varying degrees of improvement on soil organic matter and available nutrients, while also decreasing soil bulk density. The contents of soil organic matter, available potassium, and available phosphorus in the 0-40 cm soil layer increased by 22.57%-33.98%, 16.02%-19.91% and 3.15%-29.19% respectively compared with the CK treatment. The relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of oats reached the maximum value during the flowering stage throughout the growth period, and the GFN90 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments, with an increase of 3.08%-13.78%. The photosynthetic parameters of oat leaves, including the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, generally showed a gradually decreasing trend with the decrease of nitrogen fertilizer application amount, and the GFN90 treatment was higher than other treatments. Under the GFN90 and GFN80 treatments, the agronomic traits (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area) and yield of forage oats were relatively high. The flag leaf area and yield of the GFN90 treatment were significantly increased by 13.85% and 4.40% respectively compared with the CK treatment. The return of green manure to field and the reduction of nitrogen application effectively improve the quality of oats. Among them, the crude protein contents of the GFN90, GFN80 and GFN70 treatments were increased by 17.87%, 18.52% and 14.22% respectively compared with the CK treatment, and the acid detergent fiber contents were decreased by 7.08%, 8.43% and 6.17% respectively compared with the CK treatment. In conclusion, the combination of green manure return to field and a 10%-20% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application can effectively improve the soil quality, yield and quality of forage oats, and improve the photosynthetic characteristics and agronomic traits.

Key words: Forage oats, Green manure incorporation, Nitrogen fertilizer reduction, Soil quality, Photosynthetic characteristics, Yield and quality

Table 1

Fertilization amount under different treatments kg/hm2"

代码Code 处理Treatment N P K
CK 休闲+100%氮肥 150 90 90
GFN90 绿肥+90%氮肥 135 90 90
GFN80 绿肥+80%氮肥 120 90 90
GFN70 绿肥+70%氮肥 105 90 90
GFN60 绿肥+60%氮肥 90 90 90
GFN50 绿肥+50%氮肥 75 90 90

Table 2

Effects of different treatments on soil nutrient indicators"

土层深度
Soil layer
(cm)		 处理
Treatment		 有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g/kg)		 碱解氮
Available nitrogen
(mg/kg)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg/kg)		 有效磷
Available
phosphorus (mg/kg)		 容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)
0~20 CK 14.42±0.12c 0.98±0.01c 63.33±1.45d 127.00±2.31c 40.26±0.40e 1.25±0.01a
GFN90 19.61±0.12a 1.14±0.02a 93.90±1.39a 153.00±1.15b 55.99±0.42a 1.16±0.01bc
GFN80 19.56±0.12a 1.05±0.01b 81.07±1.16b 162.33±2.03a 51.54±0.41b 1.14±0.01cd
GFN70 18.47±0.14b 0.95±0.01c 72.47±1.28c 154.33±1.45b 47.16±0.64c 1.17±0.01b
GFN60 18.85±0.16b 0.84±0.02d 75.00±1.08c 152.67±0.88b 51.43±0.63b 1.12±0.01d
GFN50 18.50±0.18b 0.75±0.01e 74.40±0.93c 155.33±0.88b 45.49±0.41d 1.15±0.01bc
20~40 CK 10.29±0.12d 0.52±0.01c 49.20±1.04c 104.00±1.53d 23.18±0.25c 1.33±0.02a
GFN90 12.52±0.08b 0.69±0.02b 55.57±1.43b 121.00±1.53a 25.96±0.18a 1.31±0.01a
GFN80 13.56±0.18a 0.76±0.02a 61.73±0.98a 110.33±1.45c 19.51±0.27d 1.30±0.01a
GFN70 12.25±0.17b 0.68±0.02b 51.00±1.06c 122.67±1.45a 18.29±0.26e 1.30±0.02a
GFN60 12.41±0.15b 0.79±0.02a 55.67±1.11b 115.33±1.20b 24.28±0.61b 1.31±0.01a
GFN50 11.78±0.12c 0.67±0.02b 50.90±1.61c 116.33±1.45b 20.34±0.34d 1.31±0.01a
0~40（平均）
0-40 (average)		 CK 12.36±0.09e 0.75±0.01c 56.27±1.25e 115.50±1.89c 31.72±0.10e 1.29±0.01a
GFN90 16.07±0.05b 0.91±0.02a 74.73±0.96a 137.00±0.50ab 40.98±0.21a 1.24±0.01b
GFN80 16.56±0.15a 0.91±0.02a 71.40±1.07b 136.33±0.33ab 35.53±0.30c 1.22±0.01b
GFN70 15.36±0.02cd 0.82±0.02b 61.73±0.32d 138.50±1.26a 32.72±0.28de 1.24±0.00b
GFN60 15.63±0.02c 0.82±0.02b 65.33±1.09c 134.00±0.76b 37.86±0.62b 1.22±0.01b
GFN50 15.15±0.12d 0.71±0.01c 62.65±0.38cd 135.83±0.60ab 32.92±0.33d 1.23±0.00b

Fig.1

Effect of different treatments on SPAD of oat at different growth stages Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05 level, the same below."

Fig.2

Effects of different treatments on the SPAD in oat growth period"

Table 3

Effects of different treatments on the photosynthetic characteristics of oat"

处理
Treatment		 Pn
[μmol/(m2?s)]		 Gs
[mmol/(m2?s)]		 Ci
[μmol/mol]		 Tr
[mmol/(m2?s)]
CK 9.76±0.06a 0.57±0.02b 404.69±4.33c 3.04±0.03a
GFN90 10.06±0.12a 0.65±0.02a 336.48±3.18e 3.05±0.05a
GFN80 9.74±0.10a 0.53±0.02bc 370.28±3.12d 2.77±0.05b
GFN70 8.80±0.17b 0.49±0.02c 398.05±5.55c 2.45±0.06c
GFN60 8.25±0.07c 0.47±0.03c 426.46±2.99b 2.22±0.07d
GFN50 6.91±0.12d 0.38±0.02d 462.17±3.79a 1.88±0.04e

Table 4

Effects of different treatments on agronomic traits and yield of oat"

处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 茎粗
Stem diameter (mm)		 叶面积
Leaf area (cm2)		 产量
Yield (kg/hm2)
CK 135.30±2.86a 7.58±0.19b 35.32±0.53c 12 210.78±159.68b
GFN90 138.17±1.28a 8.25±0.16a 40.21±0.64a 12 747.55±237.59a
GFN80 134.03±1.79a 7.91±0.18ab 37.43±0.42b 12 406.65±165.29ab
GFN70 132.53±1.27ab 7.57±0.09b 33.69±0.24d 11 581.48±99.59c
GFN60 126.87±2.00bc 7.42±0.15b 30.38±0.47e 11 435.62±159.68c
GFN50 123.17±1.43c 6.05±0.25c 26.50±0.59f 10 727.15±52.05d

Table 5

Effects of different treatments on the quality of oat %"

处理Treatment 粗蛋白CP 粗脂肪EE 淀粉Starch 酸性洗涤纤维ADF 中性洗涤纤维NDF 木质素Lignin
CK 10.69±0.18b 3.33±0.06ab 3.42±0.10a 33.21±0.17a 51.83±0.26c 3.23±0.07a
GFN90 12.60±0.52a 3.47±0.14ab 3.37±0.11a 30.86±0.10cd 51.64±0.10cd 1.68±0.10c
GFN80 12.67±0.18a 3.62±0.03a 3.35±0.10a 30.41±0.10d 51.22±0.11d 1.22±0.07d
GFN70 12.21±0.09a 3.47±0.10ab 3.08±0.05a 31.16±0.22c 54.26±0.12a 1.72±0.10c
GFN60 10.12±0.08b 3.16±0.20b 3.20±0.09a 32.47±0.15b 52.58±0.15b 2.47±0.10b
GFN50 10.37±0.14b 3.12±0.06b 2.43±0.18b 33.52±0.10a 54.65±0.20a 2.28±0.06b

Table 6

Correlation analysis of soil fertility with oat growth, photosynthetic characteristics and yield"

指标
Index		 TN AN AK AP BD PH SD LA Pn Gs Ci Tr SPAD Y CP EE ST ADF NDF LI
OM 0.638** 0.825** 0.909** 0.604** -0.853** -0.059 0.176 0.137 -0.056 -0.043 -0.310 -0.232 -0.052 0.070 0.487* 0.227 -0.110 -0.670** -0.030 -0.875**
TN 0.792** 0.422 0.678** -0.388 0.550* 0.718** 0.752** 0.662** 0.606** -0.830** 0.487* 0.598** 0.703** 0.757** 0.548* 0.555* -0.892** -0.612** -0.692**
AN 0.644** 0.835** -0.579* 0.256 0.448 0.510* 0.326 0.404 -0.641** 0.203 0.404 0.511* 0.627** 0.263 0.185 -0.710** -0.426 -0.743**
AK 0.434 -0.829** -0.244 -0.006 -0.062 -0.289 -0.226 -0.130 -0.418 -0.260 -0.163 0.412 0.133 -0.316 -0.523* 0.326 -0.818**
AP -0.426 0.242 0.476* 0.464 0.312 0.475* -0.579* 0.236 0.347 0.454 0.300 0.090 0.347 -0.479* -0.457 -0.389
BD 0.298 -0.011 0.159 0.272 0.295 0.045 0.451 0.286 0.181 -0.206 -0.106 0.237 0.407 -0.136 0.678**
PH 0.720** 0.853** 0.873** 0.800** -0.818** 0.849** 0.829** 0.782** 0.546* 0.439 0.677** -0.525* -0.616** -0.155
SD 0.873** 0.883** 0.779** -0.868** 0.800** 0.771** 0.813** 0.594** 0.576* 0.773** -0.702** -0.687** -0.314
LA 0.943** 0.884** -0.963** 0.904** 0.923** 0.925** 0.718** 0.589* 0.788** -0.728** -0.750** -0.359
Pn 0.874** -0.882** 0.940** 0.928** 0.919** 0.618** 0.573* 0.823** -0.618** -0.817** -0.174
Gs -0.862** 0.869** 0.882** 0.938** 0.547* 0.302 0.708** -0.478* -0.684** -0.076
Ci -0.818** -0.875** -0.894** -0.785** -0.601** -0.709** 0.794** 0.683** 0.495*
Tr 0.934** 0.877** 0.514* 0.563* 0.774** -0.423 -0.762** -0.033
SPAD 0.855** 0.511* 0.418 0.590** -0.460 -0.803** -0.215
Y 0.680** 0.438 0.733** -0.600** -0.793** -0.228
CP 0.694** 0.302 -0.856** -0.337 -0.764**
EE 0.384 -0.621** -0.393 -0.560*
ST -0.469* -0.771** -0.002
ADF 0.439 0.834**
NDF 0.087
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