覆膜方式对旱作农田土壤水热状况及向日葵产量的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2017.06.013

作物杂志,2017, 第6期: 72–78 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2017.06.013

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇下一篇

覆膜方式对旱作农田土壤水热状况及向日葵产量的影响

贾有余¹,张雄²,高宇¹,张剑^1,³,任永峰¹,尹秀兰²,赵沛义¹,刁生鹏^1,³,聂晶¹,狄彩霞¹,安昊¹

1内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院资源环境与检测技术研究所/内蒙古旱作农业重点实验室/农业部内蒙古耕地保育科学观测实验站/农业部武川农业环境科学观测实验站,010031,内蒙古呼和浩特
2武川县农牧业局,011700,内蒙古呼和浩特
3内蒙古农业大学农学院,010019,内蒙古呼和浩特

收稿日期:2017-07-21 修回日期:2017-08-03 出版日期:2017-12-15 发布日期:2018-08-26
通讯作者: 赵沛义
作者简介:贾有余,副研究员,从事旱地作物丰产高效栽培技术研究
基金资助:
内蒙古科技计划项目“旱作农业关键技术研究与集成示范”(20150218);内蒙古农牧业科技创新基金项目“旱农区主要作物丰产高效栽培技术研究与示范”(CXJJ2013N10);国家“十二五”科技支撑项目“风沙半干旱区防蚀增效旱作农业技术集成与示范”(2012BAD09B02)

Effects of Mulching Ways on Soil Hydro-Thermal Condition and Yield of Sunflowers on Rainfed Farmland

Jia Youyu¹,Zhang Xiong²,Gao Yu¹,Zhang Jian^1,³,Ren Yongfeng¹,Yin Xiulan²,Zhao Peiyi¹,Diao Shengpeng^1,³,Nie Jing¹,Di Caixia¹,An Hao¹

1Institute of Resources and Environment and Testing Technology,IMAAAHS/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Inner Mongolia),Ministry of Agriculture/Wuchuan Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro- Environment,Ministry of Agriculture,Hohhot 010031,Inner Mongolia,China
2Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Wuchuan County,Hohhot 011705,Inner Mongolia,China
3College of Agronomy,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010019,Inner Mongolia,China;

Received:2017-07-21 Revised:2017-08-03 Online:2017-12-15 Published:2018-08-26
Contact: Peiyi Zhao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究地膜覆盖对旱作农田土壤水热状况、向日葵产量及减轻土壤风蚀效果的影响,通过大区试验对不同覆膜方式和覆膜时间处理的土壤温度、水分,向日葵生长状况、产量及土壤风蚀量进行了监测。结果表明,土壤温度表现为春季全覆膜>秋季半覆膜>春季半覆膜、全覆膜处理>半覆膜处理、垄上覆膜测定点>垄沟覆膜测定点;与春季半覆膜相比,春季全覆膜和秋季半覆膜全生育期累积地温分别增加了71.70℃和55.42℃,出苗时间分别提前了3d和1d,开花时间分别提前2d和1d,花期分别延长3d和1d,子实空秕率分别降低8.44和7.05个百分点,增产率分别为19.82%和9.84%,作物耗水量分别降低了5.82%和8.11%,水分利用效率分别提高2.70和0.73kg/(hm ²·mm);秋季半覆膜可降低土壤风蚀量,与大面积裸露农田相比可以降低土壤风蚀量73.87%左右,而且有利于增加冬春雨雪的储集,减少地表蒸发。试验认为春季全覆膜和秋季半覆膜具有提高土壤温度、增加土壤贮水量、促进向日葵提前出苗和开花并延长花期、增加向日葵产量和水分利用效率等作用,秋季半覆膜还具有减轻土壤风蚀的良好效果。

关键词: 旱作农田, 覆膜方式, 覆膜时间, 水热状况, 向日葵, 土壤风蚀

Abstract:

This study was conducted to explore soil hydrothermal condition, sunflower yield and soil wind erosion on rainfed farmland covered with plastic film mulching. The results showed that soil surface temperature had the order: full of mulching in spring > partially-mulching in autumn > partially-mulching in spring as well as full of mulching > partially-covered and ridge mulching > ditch mulching in spring. Accumulated temperature of soil for full of mulching in spring and partially-mulching in autumn were increased by 71.7℃ and 55.42℃, respectively in the whole study period, compared with partially-mulching in spring. Emergence time of sunflower were advanced by 3 days and 1 day, Florescence time were advanced by 2 days and 1 day, Flowering phase was prolonged 3 days and 1 day. The empty-percentage was reduced to 8.44% and 7.05%, yield increasing rate was 19.82% and 9.84%, respectively. The water consumption was reduced to 5.82% and 8.11%, Water use efficiency were improved to 2.70kg/(hm ²·mm) and 0.73kg/(hm ²·mm); partially-mulching in autumn could reduce soil wind erosion by 73.87% compared with without membrane. Mulching in autumn was more beneficial to reservoir of winter snow and spring rain, reducing the surface evaporation and soil wind erosion. In conclusion, full of mulching in spring and half-mulching in autumn could improve soil temperature and water conservation in soil, advance the emergence time, flowering time and extend the flowering phase, increase yields and water use efficiency of sunflower. Partially-mulching in autumn could reduce soil wind erosion.

Key words: Rainfed farmland, Mulching way, Mulching time, Hydrothermal conditions, Sunflower, Soil wind erosion

贾有余,张雄,高宇,张剑,任永峰,尹秀兰,赵沛义,刁生鹏,聂晶,狄彩霞,安昊. 覆膜方式对旱作农田土壤水热状况及向日葵产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2017 (6): 72–78

Youyu Jia,Xiong Zhang,Yu Gao,Jian Zhang,Yongfeng Ren,Xiulan Yin,Peiyi Zhao,Shengpeng Diao,Jing Nie,Caixia Di,Hao An. Effects of Mulching Ways on Soil Hydro-Thermal Condition and Yield of Sunflowers on Rainfed Farmland[J]. Crops, 2017(6): 72–78

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处理 Treatment	播种前 Pre-sowing	苗期 Seedling stage	现蕾期 Budding stage	开花期 Flowering stage	收获时 At harvest time	作物耗水量 Crop water consumption
春季半覆膜Spring half membrane	86.32Bb	140.15Aa	103.65Abc	66.71Bb	102.58Cc	217.05Aa
秋季半覆膜Autumn half membrane	95.58Aa	139.79Aa	104.42Aab	65.42Bb	106.67Bb	212.22Ab
春季全覆膜Spring all membrane	86.32Bb	139.53Aa	106.43Aa	69.97Aa	114.62Aa	195.01Bc
降水量Amount of precipitation	0	31.68	24.37	42.67	87.11	-

出苗时间(月/日) Seedling emergence time	5/22	5/23	5/24	5/25	5/26	5/27	5/28	5/29	5/30	5/31	6/01	6/02	6/03	6/04	6/05	6/06	6/07	6/08
春季半覆膜 Spring half membrane	0.0	0.0	0.0	7.5	14.8	23.2	36.4	53.8	59.7	66.2	78.9	85.9	90.0	91.7	93.3	95.0	100	100
秋季半覆膜 Autumn half membrane	0.0	0.0	5.4	15.4	23.1	33.6	53.6	66.6	70.6	73.2	78.4	85.7	86.9	89.9	90.4	92.4	100	100
春季全覆膜 Spring all membrane	5.1	7.2	12.7	14.0	30.5	39.5	44.8	57.3	63.9	71.7	77.6	83.5	86.9	91.1	95.0	98.3	100	100

开花时间(月/日) Flowering time	7/21	7/22	7/23	7/24	7/25	7/26	7/27	7/28	7/29	7/30	7/31	8/01	8/02	8/03	8/04	8/05
春季半覆膜 Spring half membrane	0.0	0.0	0.9	1.2	6.9	15.3	18.8	22.4	43.1	55.4	78.7	90.3	96.4	99.1	100.0	100
秋季半覆膜 Autumn half membrane	0.0	1.2	2.3	5.6	10.6	16.4	22.5	32.9	43.8	61.6	88.3	96.0	98.4	99.1	100.0	100
春季全覆膜 Spring all membrane	0.7	3.3	5.8	17.6	22.2	40.8	56.8	67.3	74.6	81.3	84.5	94.3	97.1	98.6	99.5	100

处理 Treatment	株高Plant height (cm)				单株叶面积Leaf area per plant (cm²)			单株干物质重Weight of dry matter per plant (g)
处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	现蕾期 Budding stage	开花期 Flowering stage	收获期 Harvest stage	苗期 Seedling stage	现蕾期 Budding stage	开花期 Flowering stage	苗期 Seedling stage	现蕾期 Budding stage	开花期 Flowering stage	收获期 Harvest stage
春季半覆膜 Spring half membrane	17.60Bb	47.03Bc	100.00Bb	116.00Bb	933.33Cc	1 601.67Cc	5 083.35Cc	10.49Bc	29.31Bb	235.61Cc	706.82Cc
秋季半覆膜 Autumn half membrane	21.07Aa	48.77Bb	101.00Bb	116.67Bb	1 005.33Bb	1 742.50Bb	5 961.80Bb	10.77ABb	21.70Cc	260.93Bb	782.78Bb
春季全覆膜 Spring all membrane	21.13Aa	64.37Aa	105.00Aa	123.67Aa	1 565.00Aa	2 568.33Aa	7 575.88Aa	11.12Aa	56.36Aa	351.70Aa	1 055.11Aa

处理 Treatment	花盘直径(cm) Disc diameter	茎粗(cm) Stem diameter	百粒重(g) Hundred grain weight	产量(kg/hm²) Yield	增产率(%) Yield increasing rate	空秕率(%) Empty abortive rate	水分利用效率 [kg/(hm²·mm)] Water use efficiency
春季半覆膜 Spring half membrane	17.80Aa	5.93Bb	5.55Bb	1 966.8Cc	-	12.14Aa	9.45Cc
秋季半覆膜 Autumn half membrane	17.83Aa	5.97Bb	5.61Bb	2 160.5Bb	9.84	5.09Bb	10.18Bb
春季全覆膜 Spring all membrane	18.20Aa	6.40Aa	6.02Aa	2 356.8Aa	19.82	3.70Cc	12.15Aa

覆膜方式对旱作农田土壤水热状况及向日葵产量的影响

Effects of Mulching Ways on Soil Hydro-Thermal Condition and Yield of Sunflowers on Rainfed Farmland

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参考文献 22

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项目Item	对照 Control	秋季半覆膜 Autumn half membrane
风蚀前干土重 Dry soil weight before wind erosion	1 036.27	1 036.27
重复1 Repeat 1	957.74	1 005.92
重复2 Repeat 2	989.36	1 037.48
重复3 Repeat 3	978.26	1 026.38
重复4 Repeat 4	977.42	1 025.54
重复5 Repeat 5	952.88	1 000.00
重复6 Repeat 6	978.95	1 029.07
重复7 Repeat 7	986.04	1 034.17
重复8 Repeat 8	960.05	1 008.14
重复9 Repeat 9	970.85	1 024.07
重复10 Repeat 10	952.70	999.87
均值Average	970.42	1 019.07
风蚀量Wind-blown mass	65.85	17.21
风蚀降低率(%) Wind-blown decreasing amplitude	-	73.87

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