基于不同肥源的棉花减氮施肥效果比较研究

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2019.01.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

棉花生产中施氮量高、氮肥利用效率低的问题较为突出。以不施氮肥（CK）和当地习惯施肥（CF,施N 270kg/hm ²,普通复合肥）为对照,在田间条件下研究了生物有机复合肥（T1）、控释掺混肥（T2）、有机无机复混肥（T3）3种肥源减氮（N）20%对麦后移栽棉花生长、产量及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明：T2处理整个生育期棉花最新完全展开叶净光合速率（P_n）均高于其他处理,且到花铃期显著高于CF。蕾期T1处理叶、茎、蕾干物质重显著高于其他处理,花铃期T2处理茎干物质重显著高于CK、T1和T3处理。花铃期棉株氮吸收量T2处理最高,分别比CF、T1、T3高27.0%、19.7%、36.5%,其中生殖器官（蕾、铃）氮吸收量亦是T2最高,分别比CF、T1、T3高46.1%、13.6%、35.3%。T2处理较CF显著增产3.4%,其氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率分别为28.6%、13.6kg/kg和5.6kg/kg,显著高于CF的19.0%、10.5kg/kg和4.1kg/kg,同时T2处理的产投比最大（3.7）,净收入最大（13 925.5元/hm ²）。

关键词: 棉花, 干物质量, 产量, 减氮施肥, 养分积累, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

High nitrogen application rate and low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer are prominent problems in the process of cotton production. Using no nitrogen fertilizer use (CK, no nitrogen fertilizer use) and local custom fertilization (CF, use N 270kg/hm ², common compound fertilizer) as the control. A field plot design was used to study the effecs of 3 fertilizer applications: reduced nitrogen by 20%, bio-organic complex fertilizer (T1), controlled-release mixed fertilizer (T2), and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer (T3) on the growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of transplanted cotton. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of the newly fully developed cotton leaf of T2 was higher than that of the other treatments in the whole growth period, and it was significantly higher than CF at the flowering and boll setting stage. The dry matter weight of T1 was significantly higher than that of the other treatments at cotton bud stage; At flowering and boll setting stage, the stem dry matter weight of T2 was significantly higher than that of the CK, T1 and T3, the nitrogen accumulation of T2 was the highest, which were 27.0%, 19.7% and 36.5% higher than that of CF, T1 and T3, respectively. The proportion of nitrogen in reproductive organs (bud and bell) of T2 was also the highest, which were 46.1%, 13.6%, and 35.3% higher than that of CF, T1 and T3, respectively at cotton flowering bud setting stage. T2 production increased by 3.4% significantly compared with CF. In addition, apparent recovery efficency of nitrogen fertilizer, partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic use efficency of nitrogen fertilizer of T2 cotton were both the highest, which were 28.6%, 13.6kg/kg and 5.6kg/kg, respectively. At the same time, the output-input ratio of T2 was the highest (3.7), and the net income was also the greastest (13 925.5yuan/hm ²).

Key words: Cotton, Dry matter weight, Yield, Decreased-nitrogen fertilization, Nutrient accumulation, Nitrogen use efficiency

谭京红,张露萍,吴启侠,朱建强,张在镇. 基于不同肥源的棉花减氮施肥效果比较研究[J]. 作物杂志, 2019 (1): 134–140

Jinghong Tan,Luping Zhang,Qixia Wu,Jianqiang Zhu,Zaizhen Zhang. Comparative Research on the Effects of Reducing Nitrogen from Different Fertilizers on Cotton[J]. Crops, 2019(1): 134–140

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取样时期Sampling stage	植株部位Plant part	CK	CF	T1	T2	T3
苗期Seedling stage	叶Leaf	01.7c	03.0b	02.6b	03.3a	02.7ab
	茎Stem	01.0c	02.0a	01.6b	02.0a	01.6b
蕾期Bud stage	叶Leaf	08.5c	15.6b	20.4a	15.3b	15.4b
	茎Stem	03.0c	08.0b	09.6a	08.1b	08.2b
	蕾Bud	00.3c	01.7b	02.1a	01.6b	01.6b
花铃期Flowering and boll setting stage	叶Leaf	25.3d	61.6b	57.4c	64.5a	54.1c
	茎Stem	39.4c	79.6a	65.2b	81.8a	67.9b
	蕾Bud	09.1d	10.5b	10.7b	11.6a	09.5b
	铃Bell	20.2d	47.8c	60.0b	66.3a	48.8c
吐絮期Boll-opening stage	叶Leaf	04.9d	11.1c	31.3b	35.3a	32.5b
	茎Stem	37.6d	85.2a	68.8c	88.4a	78.0b
	铃壳Bell shell	22.4c	41.4a	33.6b	44.31a	34.3b
	子棉Seed cotton	71.7d	94.2c	97.3bc	111.7a	108.6b

处理 Treatment	单株铃数 Bolls per plant	单铃重(g) Single boll weight	衣分(%) Lint percentage	子棉产量(kg/hm²) Seed cotton yield	实际密度(株/hm²) Actual density (plants/hm²)
CK	24.3c	4.7d	47.4a	1 727.3d	22 060
CF	30.6a	5.3abc	47.2a	2 840.9b	22 060
T1	28.3a	5.2bc	46.7a	2 809.5bc	22 060
T2	29.9a	5.8a	48.4a	2 936.5a	22 060
T3	31.0a	5.4ab	48.7a	2 800.0bc	22 060

处理 Treatment	氮肥表观利用率 Nitrogen apparent recovery efficency (%)	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg/kg)	氮肥农学利用率 Nitrogen agronomic use efficency (kg/kg)
CF	19.0c	10.5c	4.1c
T1	21.7ab	13.0ab	5.0ab
T2	28.6a	13.6a	5.6a
T3	22.3ab	13.0ab	5.0ab

处理 Treatment	产值(元/hm²) Output value (yuan/hm²)	肥料成本(元/hm²) Fertilizer cost (yuan/hm²)	产投比 Output-input ratio	净收入(元/hm²) Net income (yuan/hm²)
CK	11 227.5	1 587.7	7.1	9 639.8
CF	18 465.9	5 157.5	3.6	13 308.3
T1	18 261.8	6 350.1	2.9	11 911.6
T2	19 087.3	5 161.7	3.7	13 925.5
T3	18 200.0	5 325.6	3.4	12 874.4