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作物杂志,2019, 第5期: 143–150 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2019.05.024

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

河北平原麦玉两熟轮耕模式对土壤特性及作物产量的影响

陈丽1,张璐鑫2,吴枫1,李真1,龙兴洲1,杨玉锐1,尹宝重2   

  1. 1 河北省邢台市农业科学研究院,054000,河北邢台
    2 河北农业大学植物保护学院,071001,河北保定
  • 收稿日期:2019-03-06 修回日期:2019-06-20 出版日期:2019-10-15 发布日期:2019-11-07
  • 通讯作者: 龙兴洲
  • 作者简介:陈丽,农艺师,主要从事作物高产栽培研究工作
  • 基金资助:
    邢台市科技支撑项目冬小麦节水品种筛选及水肥高效栽培技术研究与示范(2018ZC65);现代农业科技创新工程项目

Effects of Wheat-Maize Double Crops Rotational Tillage on Soil Characteristics and Crop Yield in Hebei Plain

Chen Li1,Zhang Luxin2,Wu Feng1,Li Zhen1,Long Xingzhou1,Yang Yurui1,Yin Baozhong2   

  1. 1 Hebei Xingtai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
    2 College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
  • Received:2019-03-06 Revised:2019-06-20 Online:2019-10-15 Published:2019-11-07
  • Contact: Xingzhou Long

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摘要：

于2016-2017年冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟生长季,设小麦季深松+玉米季免耕（S-N）、小麦季旋耕+玉米季深松（R-S）和小麦季深松+玉米季深松（S-S）处理,以常规耕作方式小麦季旋耕+玉米季免耕（R-N）为对照,在河北平原中部南和县对不同轮耕模式下土壤理化性状、微生物特性、水热状况、产量及水分利用效率进行研究。结果表明,对比小麦播种前,R-S和S-S处理土壤非毛管孔隙度均有显著上升,0~15和15~30cm土层分别平均提高15.2%和18.0%;R-N处理0~15和15~30cm土层非毛管孔隙度比小麦播前分别下降11.3%和7.3%。单季或两季深松可显著提高农田土壤碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,其中R-S和S-S处理提高最明显。单季深松或两季深松均可显著提高微生物生物量碳和活跃微生物量,0~30cm土层分别平均提高6.3%和20.6%。两季深松土壤呼吸平均提高12.4%,且呼吸速率变幅增大。深松可增大土壤周年温度变幅,提高水分利用效率,两季深松可显著提高周年作物产量达8.62%。深松可改善土壤物理性状,提高作物产量,提高土壤关键酶活性和呼吸速率,扩大土壤温度日变幅,优化土壤微生物环境。

关键词: 河北平原, 小麦-玉米一年两熟, 轮耕模式, 土壤特性, 产量

Abstract:

In the double cropping growing season of winter wheat-summer maize from 2016 to 2017, four rotation tillage treatments were established. Setting wheat season subsoiling+maize season no-tillage (S-N), wheat season rotary tillage+maize season subsoiling (R-S), wheat season subsoiling+maize season subsoiling (S-S), and conventional tillage mode wheat season rotary tillage+maize season no-tillage (R-N) as the control. Soil physiology, microorganism characteristics, water and heat conditions, soil water use efficiency and grain yield of grain fields under different rotation modes were studied in Nanhe, central Hebei Plain. The results showed that: compared with before the sowing of wheat, the non-capillary porosity of R-S and S-S treatments increased significantly, and the avarage soil thickness of 0-15 and 15-30cm increased by 15.2% and 18.0%, respectively. R-N treatment 0-15 and 15-30cm soil layer non-capillary porosity ratio decreased by 11.3% and 7.3% before wheat sowing. Soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT) and urease (UU) activities were significantly increased by single-season or double-season subsoiling, especially by R-S and S-S treatments. Single season subsoiling or two season subsoiling could significantly increase the number of SMBC and active microorganisms, with an average increase of 6.3% and 20.6% in 0-30cm soil layer, respectively. The annual average soil respiration was increased by 12.4% and the variation of soil respiration rate was increased by two-season subsoiling rotation. Under different rotation tillage measures, the annual average soil temperature had little effect, but deep-loosening could increase the annual temperature variation of wheat fields. The water use efficiency (WUE) could also be promoted by single-season subsoiling or two-season subsoiling rotation. The annual crop yield could also be significantly increased by two-season subsoiling, with an average increase of 8.62%. The main conclusions are as follows: subsoiling can significantly improve soil physical properties, increase soil key enzyme activity and respiration rate, expand daily variation of soil temperature, and optimize soil microbial environment. Soil subsoiling can also significantly increase maize yield, of which two-season subsoiling treatment has the greatest yield increase.

Key words: Hebei Plain, Wheat-maize double cropping per year, Rotation mode, Soil property, Yield

表1

不同轮耕模式对土壤非毛管孔隙度和土壤分散系数的影响"

土层
Soil depth (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 非毛管孔隙度Non-capillary porosity 土壤分散系数Soil dispersion coefficient
小麦播前
Before the
sowing of wheat		 小麦拔节
Wheat
jointing		 玉米抽雄
Maize
tasseling		 玉米收获
Maize
harvest		 小麦播前
Before the
sowing of wheat		 小麦拔节
Wheat
jointing		 玉米抽雄
Maize
tasseling		 玉米收获
Maize
harvest
0~15 R-N 11.5a 10.3b 9.2a 10.2b 10.6a 6.1a 5.8a 9.2a
S-N 11.3a 11.6a 9.1a 11.1b 10.1a 6.9a 4.3b 6.3b
R-S 11.6a 10.4b 9.3a 13.2a 10.3a 6.2a 4.1b 6.3b
S-S 11.5a 11.6a 9.5a 13.4a 10.4a 6.7a 3.9b 5.5c
15~30 R-N 10.9a 10.4b 5.2b 10.1c 9.6a 11.6a 7.1a 9.2a
S-N 11.1a 12.5a 11.9a 11.3b 9.4a 8.2b 5.8b 6.3b
R-S 10.8a 10.7b 5.3b 12.2b 9.5a 11.8a 5.1b 5.3c
S-S 10.9a 12.9a 12.1a 13.4a 9.4a 8.2b 4.8b 5.2c
30~50 R-N 9.5a 6.1d 2.6b 2.9b 9.1a 10.6a 13.9a 7.1a
S-N 9.5a 7.6c 3.5a 3.8a 9.2a 7.6b 11.1b 6.1b
R-S 9.6a 9.2b 2.4b 3.9a 9.2a 10.6a 11.2b 5.9b
S-S 9.4a 10.1a 3.6a 4.1a 8.9a 7.2b 9.1c 4.3c

表2

不同轮耕模式对土壤关键酶活性的影响"

项目
Item		 生育阶段
Growth stage		 0~15cm 15~30cm
R-N S-N R-S S-S R-N S-N R-S S-S
脲酶 小麦播前Before the sowing of wheat 0.22a 0.23a 0.23a 0.25a 0.18a 0.13ab 0.16ab 0.14ab
Urease [mg/(g·24h)] 小麦拔节Wheat jointing 0.25a 0.28a 0.27a 0.27a 0.39b 0.51a 0.37b 0.50a
玉米抽雄Maize tasseling 0.20c 0.26b 0.30a 0.30a 0.24c 0.37a 0.31a 0.32a
玉米收获Maize harvest 0.19c 0.24ab 0.28a 0.29a 0.18a 0.15ab 0.22a 0.19a
CAT [mL/(g·h)] 小麦播前Before the sowing of wheat 2.23a 2.35a 2.16a 2.13a 2.92a 3.01a 3.01a 2.79ab
小麦拔节Wheat jointing 2.49c 2.65b 2.47c 3.58a 3.12b 4.32a 3.09b 4.11a
玉米抽雄Maize tasseling 2.29c 4.14a 2.90b 3.99a 2.88c 3.94a 2.89c 3.55b
玉米收获Maize harvest 2.26b 2.59a 2.49a 2.51a 3.01b 3.21a 3.19a 2.99b
ALP [g/(kg)] 小麦播前Before the sowing of wheat 24.55ab 26.32a 26.04a 25.76ab 31.52ab 32.52ab 32.14ab 33.08a
小麦拔节Wheat jointing 27.39b 28.97b 25.97c 39.41a 35.64b 40.62a 36.01b 41.13a
玉米抽雄Maize tasseling 28.37d 37.16b 33.11c 42.33a 40.31b 45.31a 39.87b 45.92a
玉米收获Maize harvest 25.09c 28.37a 28.26a 27.31ab 31.34c 33.97b 35.44a 35.69a
PPO [μg/g·min] 小麦播前Before the sowing of wheat 0.39a 0.41a 0.39a 0.38a 0.75ab 0.76ab 0.78ab 0.83a
小麦拔节Wheat jointing 0.45b 0.50a 0.46b 0.60a 0.85b 0.94a 0.88b 1.03a
玉米抽雄Maize tasseling 0.44c 0.57b 0.66a 0.63a 0.91c 1.15b 1.10b 1.32a
玉米收获Maize harvest 0.40b 0.52a 0.50a 0.49a 0.76b 0.88a 0.88a 0.91a

表3

不同轮耕模式对SMBC含量和活跃微生物量的影响"

项目
Item		 生育阶段
Growth stage		 0~15cm 15~30cm
R-N S-N R-S S-S R-N S-N R-S S-S
SMBC含量(mg/kg) 小麦播前Before the sowing of wheat 158.20a 154.32a 156.30a 155.90a 105.61a 102.30a 105.46a 104.31a
SMBC content 小麦拔节Wheat jointing 166.21b 164.32b 170.12a 173.24a 171.21b 181.21a 171.67b 188.32a
玉米抽雄Maize tasseling 175.34c 192.34b 204.60ab 215.60a 185.34d 200.14c 214.69b 229.64a
玉米收获Maize harvest 158.60a 165.08a 163.97a 163.20a 103.22b 106.89ab 108.90a 109.20a
活跃微生物量(mg/kg) 小麦播前Before the sowing of wheat 25.32a 25.61a 25.48a 26.03a 5.39c 5.36c 6.04b 16.11a
Number of active microorganisms 小麦拔节Wheat jointing 95.37b 100.12a 98.74a 97.63a 44.15b 69.74a 65.16a 64.32a
玉米抽雄Maize tasseling 106.91c 117.11b 125.40a 129.10a 64.15c 85.67b 91.11a 98.12a
玉米收获Maize harvest 25.31b 30.11a 31.67a 30.85a 20.16b 30.14a 30.04a 29.61a

图1

不同轮耕模式土壤呼吸速率与温度 图(a)和(c)分别是土壤呼吸速率动态和呼吸速率变幅;图(b)和(d)分别是10cm处土壤温度动态和温度变幅"

表4

不同轮耕模式对农田土壤储耗水特征的影响"

处理
Treatment		 总耗水量(mm)
Total water
consumption		 耗水量(mm)
Water consumption		 0~200cm土体储水变化(mm)
Water storage in
0~200cm soil mass		 产量Yield (kg/hm2) WUE
(kg/kg)
0~60mm 60~120mm 120~200mm 小麦Wheat 玉米Maize 周年Anniversary
R-N 814.3a 32.1a 20.3a 17.9a -61.2 7 507.0b 8 712.6b 16 219.6b 20.13c
S-N 781.9b 13.6b 15.8b 8.5c -37.9 8 155.1a 8 887.2b 17 042.3a 22.23ab
R-S 790.3b 16.2b 19.1ab 11.0b -46.3 7 596.3b 9 697.1a 17 293.4a 21.15b
S-S 767.9c 6.9c 12.1c 5.0d -23.9 8 170.4a 9 471.3a 17 641.7a 23.13a
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