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作物杂志,2022, 第1期: 1–10 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.01.001

• 专题综述 •    下一篇

小麦微喷（滴）灌水肥一体化高产优质高效生态栽培研究进展

石雄高1,3(), 裴雪霞2(), 党建友2, 张定一2   

  1. 1山西农业大学农学院,030801,山西晋中
    2山西农业大学小麦研究所,041000,山西临汾
    3贺州学院党委办公室,542899,广西贺州
  • 收稿日期:2021-06-23 修回日期:2021-08-17 出版日期:2022-02-15 发布日期:2022-02-16
  • 通讯作者: 裴雪霞
  • 作者简介:石雄高,主要从事小麦、玉米水肥一体化高产高效栽培研究,E-mail： 1778719408@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    山西省重点研发计划(201903D221022);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-2-7)

Research Progress on High-Yield, High-Quality, High-Efficiency and Ecology Cultivation of Wheat Micro-Sprinkling and Drip Fertigation

Shi Xionggao1,3(), Pei Xuexia2(), Dang Jianyou2, Zhang Dingyi2   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
    2Wheat Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen 041000, Shanxi, China
    3Party Office, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, Guangxi, China
  • Received:2021-06-23 Revised:2021-08-17 Online:2022-02-15 Published:2022-02-16
  • Contact: Pei Xuexia

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摘要：

高产优质高效生态栽培是现代农业的发展目标,水肥一体化技术是实现这一目标的有效手段,其为国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展做出了重要贡献。微喷（滴）灌水肥一体化技术在小麦栽培上可实现节水30%~40%、节肥20%~30%以及增产15%~30%,水分和肥料利用率分别提高40%~60%和30%~50%;同时可改善小麦籽粒品质,减少100cm以下土层NO3--N积累,降低氮肥淋失风险,以及缓解土壤中N2O气体向大气排放。本文概述了水肥一体化技术及国内外发展现状,并对微喷（滴）灌水肥一体化技术对小麦产量、品质、水肥利用率及水肥运移规律、N2O气体排放等方面的影响进行综述,为水肥一体化技术从“高端农业”走向普遍、从设施农业走向大田提供参考。

关键词: 水肥一体化, 小麦, 产量和品质, 水肥高效, 水肥运移, N2O排放

Abstract:

High-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency and ecology cultivation is the development goal of modern agriculture, and fertigation technology is an effective method to achieve this goal, it has made important contributions to national food security and sustainable agricultural development. In wheat cultivation, micro-sprinkling and drip fertigation technology can achieve water saving of 30%-40%, fertilizer saving of 20%-30%, yield increasing of 15%-30%, improve water and fertilizer utilization rate of 40%-60% and 30%-50%, respectively. At the same time, it can upgrade the grain quality of wheat, diminish the accumulation of NO3--N in the soil layer below 100cm, reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching, and alleviate the N2O emission from the soil to the atmosphere. In this thesis, fertigation technology and its development current status in global were summarized, and the effects of micro-sprinkling and drip fertigation technology on wheat yield and quality, water and fertilizer utilization rate and migration law, N2O gas emission were reviewed. This review provide a theoretical reference for it from “High-End Agriculture” to universal, and from facility agriculture to field.

Key words: Fertigation, Wheat, Yield and quality, High-efficiency of water and fertilizer, Migration of water and fertilizer, N2O emission

表1

2015-2019年我国农业生产中水资源和化肥使用情况

年份
Year		 农业用水量
Agricultural water
consumption
(×108 m3)		 农业化肥用量
Agricultural fertilizer consumption (×104 t)
氮肥
Nitrogen		 磷肥
Phosphorus		 钾肥
Potassium
2015 3852.2 2361.57 843.06 642.28
2016 3768.0 2310.46 829.99 636.90
2017 3766.4 2221.81 797.59 619.74
2018 3693.1 2065.43 728.88 590.28
2019 3682.3 1930.21 681.58 561.13

表2

水肥一体化技术和农民传统灌水施肥模式在我国小麦栽培上生产效益的比较

灌水施肥方式
Irrigation and
fertilization method		 项目
Item		 灌水量
Irrigation
amount (mm)		 氮肥施用量
N application rate
(kg/hm2)		 产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)		 水分生产力
Water productivity
(kg/m3)		 氮肥利用效率
Nitrogen use efficiency
(kg/kg)
水肥一体化 最小值 75 95 3 755.0 1.3 12.2
Fertigation 最大值 585 450 10 407.0 3.0 72.2
平均值 228 222 7 593.0 2.2 37.9
农民模式 最小值 120 165 4 452.2 0.7 16.9
Farmers’ practice 最大值 450 290 10 207.0 2.4 47.4
平均值 300 242 7 456.2 1.8 31.4

表3

2015-2019年我国耕地灌溉面积和节水灌溉面积

年份
Year		 耕地灌溉面积
Irrigation area of farmland		 节水灌溉工程面积
Water-saving irrigation project area		 喷灌、微喷灌面积
Sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation area		 低压管灌面积
Low pressure pipe irrigation area
2015 65 873 31 060 9 012 8 912
2016 67 141 32 847 9 954 9 451
2017 67 816 34 319 10 561 9 990
2018 68 272 36 135 11 338 10 566
2019 68 679 37 059 11 598 11 043
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