Crops ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (1): 102-109.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.01.015

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Effects of Fertilization Method and Nitrogen Application Rate on Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization of Rice in Cold Region

Liu Menghong(), Wang Zhijun, Li Hongyu(), Zhao Haicheng, Lü Yandong   

  1. Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2021-02-04 Revised:2021-10-21 Online:2022-02-15 Published:2022-02-16
  • Contact: Li Hongyu E-mail:ndsoil@163.com;ndrice@163.com

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Abstract:

To improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice in cold regions, a pot experiment was designed to compare the difference of yield, quality, dry matter production, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), nitrogen utilization efficiency. The result showed the aboveground dry matter accumulation, leaf area and root characteristics of side-deep fertilization (S2) and point-deep fertilization (S3) at tillering stage and filling stage were better than whole-layer fertilization (S1). The functional leaf SPAD at full heading stage and Pn at filling stage were lower than that of S1 treatment. The amylose content of S2 treatment was significantly lower than that of S1 treatment. Brown rice rate, milled rice rate and protein content of S3 treatment were significant or extremely significant lower than that of S1 treatment, and amylose content and taste value of S3 treatment were significantly higher than S1 treatment. Compared with S1 treatment, N physiological efficiency of S2 treatment increased by 37.63%, N recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency, partial factor productivity of S3 treatment increased by 20.14%, 67.57% and 13.08%, respectively. 1000-grain weight, aboveground dry matter accumulation at tillering stage and filling stage, leaf area at tillering stage, Pn of functional leaves at tillering stage and filling stage of nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 15% were significantly lower than conventional nitrogen application. Comprehensive consideration of yield, quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency, point-deep fertilization combined with nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 15% was the optimal combination.

Key words: Rice, Fertilization method, Nitrogen application rate, Yield, Quality, Nitrogen utilization efficiency

Table 1

Fertilization rate and fertilization period"

施肥方式
Fertilization method		 施氮量
Nitrogen application		 基肥Basic fertilizer 分蘖肥
Tillering fertilizer		 调节肥
Regulating fertilizer		 穗肥Panicle fertilizer
N P2O K2O N K2O
S1 N1 2.30 2.88 1.73 1.73 0.58 1.15 1.15
N2 1.96 2.88 1.73 1.47 0.49 0.98 1.15
S2 N1 2.30 2.88 1.73 1.73 0.58 1.15 1.15
N2 1.96 2.88 1.73 1.47 0.49 0.98 1.15
S3 N1 2.30 2.88 1.73 1.73 0.58 1.15 1.15
N2 1.96 2.88 1.73 1.47 0.49 0.98 1.15
无氮区 0.00 2.88 1.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.15

Table 2

Comparison of yield and its components of different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 穗数
Panicles per hole		 穗粒数
Grains per panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量（g/穴）
Yield (g/hole)
S1 14.19aA 91.19abA 96.84aA 19.94bB 25.03bB
S2 14.55aA 87.03bA 97.31aA 20.41bAB 25.48bB
S3 14.75aA 93.60aA 96.67aA 21.45aA 28.58aA
FS 1.98ns 3.73* 1.72ns 6.67** 7.18**
N1 14.83aA 89.30aA 97.17aA 21.04aA 27.09aA
N2 14.29aA 91.91aA 96.71aA 20.16bA 25.63aA
FN 4.12ns 1.74ns 2.56ns 6.46* 3.07ns
FS×N 0.02ns 0.51ns 7.72** 0.21ns 0.13ns

Fig.1

Effects of interaction of fertilization mode and nitrogen application rates on seed-setting rate The different uppercase, lowercase letters indicate extremely significant (P < 0.01) and significant (P < 0.05) difference among different nitrogen application rates under the same fertilization method, respectively, the same below"

Table 3

Comparison of accumulation of aboveground dry matter"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期
Tillering stage		 齐穗期
Full heading stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage
S1 2.89bB 26.68aA 44.18bB
S2 4.03aA 27.69aA 48.70aA
S3 4.18aA 29.35aA 50.65aA
FS 79.77** 2.11ns 15.89**
N1 3.83aA 28.30aA 49.25aA
N2 3.56bB 27.51aA 46.44bB
FN 8.57** 0.56ns 8.55**
FS×N 23.30** 1.06ns 0.28ns

Fig.2

Effects of the interaction of fertilization and nitrogen application rate on aboveground dry matter accumulation at tillering stage"

Table 4

Comparison of leaf area in each reproductive period "

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期叶面积
Leaf area at tillering stage		 齐穗期Full heading stage 灌浆期Filling stage
高效叶面积High effective leaf area 叶面积Leaf area 高效叶面积High effective leaf area 叶面积Leaf area
S1 370.17bB 1303.21aA 1741.29aA 1396.90bB 1630.29bB
S2 466.96aA 1414.18aA 1818.98aA 1553.51aA 1833.10aA
S3 457.06aA 1361.24aA 1786.70aA 1348.58bB 1540.78bB
FS 31.69** 1.52ns 0.50ns 8.72** 13.55**
N1 443.49aA 1317.81aA 1737.77aA 1427.99aA 1696.00aA
N2 419.30bA 1401.28aA 1826.87aA 1438.00aA 1640.12aA
FN 4.90* 2.57ns 1.96ns 0.06ns 1.41ns
FS×N 17.23** 0.60ns 1.65ns 0.15ns 0.36ns

Fig.3

Effects of the interaction of fertilization method and nitrogen application on leaf area at tillering stage"

Table 5

Comparison of root characteristics at tillering stage"

处理
Treatment		 总根长
（cm/穴）
Total root
length
(cm/hole)		 根平均直径
Root
average diameter
(mm)		 根表面积
（cm2/穴）
Root surface area
(cm2/hole)		 根体积
（cm3/穴）
Root volume
(cm3/hole)
S1 5303.55bB 0.53bA 970.03bB 27.57bA
S2 6928.92aA 0.55abA 1246.34aA 34.66aA
S3 6052.05abAB 0.58aA 1193.74aAB 35.42aA
FS 6.75** 3.17ns 6.49** 4.63*
N1 5942.56aA 0.54aA 1088.41aA 30.35aA
N2 6247.12aA 0.56aA 1185.00aA 34.76aA
FN 0.71ns 1.82ns 2.11ns 3.59ns
FS×N 14.86** 0.66ns 16.02** 10.68**

Fig.4

Effects of interaction of fertilization method and nitrogen application rate on total root length, root surface area and root volume at tillering stage"

Table 6

Comparison of SPAD values of function leaves"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期
Tillering stage		 齐穗期
Full heading stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage
S1 29.54bB 41.43aA 40.20aA
S2 31.28aA 39.54bB 39.29aA
S3 31.07aA 39.09bB 40.07aA
FS 9.58** 9.85** 1.34ns
N1 30.53aA 40.15aA 39.91aA
N2 30.23aA 39.89aA 39.80aA
FN 0.31ns 0.32ns 0.05ns
FS×N 2.46ns 1.51ns 2.88ns

Table 7

Comparison of Pn of functional leaves μmol/(m2·s)"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期
Tillering stage		 齐穗期
Full heading stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage
S1 32.33aA 25.78aA 24.25aA
S2 31.11aA 26.75aA 18.68cB
S3 31.88aA 24.39aA 22.29bA
FS 0.22ns 1.44ns 21.98**
N1 33.80aA 25.43aA 22.87aA
N2 29.74bA 25.84aA 20.61bB
FN 7.20* 0.13ns 10.51**
FS×N 0.98ns 0.15ns 9.67**

Fig.5

Effects of the interaction of fertilization method and nitrogen application rate on Pn at filling stage"

Table 8

Comparison of main quality indexes"

处理
Treatment		 糙米率
Brown rice rate
(%)		 精米率
Milled rice rate
(%)		 整精米率
Head rice rate
(%)		 垩白粒率
Chalky grain rate
(%)		 垩白度
Chalkiness
(%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content
(%)		 直链淀粉含量
Amylose content
(%)		 食味值
Taste
value
S1 84.26aA 77.01aA 65.75aA 0.26aA 0.08aA 7.60aA 15.86bAB 83.56bA
S2 84.07abAB 76.95abA 66.28aA 0.40aA 0.21aA 7.63aA 15.71bB 83.81abA
S3 83.93bB 76.67bA 65.45aA 0.35aA 0.18aA 7.21bB 16.06aA 85.00aA
FS 5.63** 3.66* 0.66ns 0.44ns 1.23ns 15.80** 7.50** 3.40*
N1 84.11aA 76.85aA 66.37aA 0.35aA 0.18aA 7.44aA 15.93aA 84.22aA
N2 84.06aA 76.90aA 65.28aA 0.32aA 0.13aA 7.32aA 15.83aA 84.02aA
FN 0.39ns 0.18ns 3.45ns 0.08ns 0.55ns 1.25ns 1.53ns 0.18ns
FS×N 1.86ns 0.86ns 0.35ns 0.29ns 0.15ns 0.05ns 0.96ns 0.02ns

Table 9

Comparison of nitrogen utilization efficiency in different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 地上部含氮量（g/穴）
Aboveground nitrogen
content (g/hole)		 氮肥农学利用率
Agronomic efficiency
of N fertilizer (g/g)		 氮肥吸收利用率
N recovery efficiency
(%)		 氮肥生理利用率
N physiological efficiency
(g/g)		 氮肥偏生产力
N partial factor
productivity (g/g)
S1 0.49aA 14.47aA 33.52bB 35.61bB 74.18bB
S2 0.50aA 15.79aA 36.45bAB 49.01aAB 76.57bAB
S3 0.51aA 16.07aA 40.27aA 59.67aA 83.88aA
FS 1.76ns 2.26ns 10.52** 9.08** 5.91**
N1 0.51aA 16.10aA 37.61aA 51.93aA 78.32aA
N2 0.48bA 14.79aA 35.88aA 44.26aA 78.10aA
FN 6.45* 3.95ns 2.06ns 2.75ns 0.01ns
FS×N 0.11ns 1.86ns 0.53ns 1.57ns 0.14ns
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