Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (5): 231-237.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.05.033

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Effects of Once-Over Harvesting Period on the Qualities of Upper Leaves of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Southern Shaanxi

Duan Junya1(), Zhao Yuanyuan1, Peng Zhiliang2, Zhang Yongfeng2, Duan Weidong3, Yang Qingxi2, Wang Songling3, Chen Xiaolong3, Shi Hongzhi1()   

  1. 1College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University/Research Center for Tobacco Harm Reduction/Tobacco Industry Key Laboratory of tobacco Cultivation, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
    2Shangluo Branch of Shaanxi Provincial Tobacco Company, Shangluo 711599, Shaanxi, China
    3China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
  • Received:2022-04-26 Revised:2022-05-18 Online:2023-10-15 Published:2023-10-16

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Abstract:

In order to clarify the suitable period for once-over harvesting of the upper six leaves of flue-cured tobacco in the southern Shaanxi tobacco-growing area in 2020 and 2021, the effects of once-over harvesting period on the quality of upper leaves of the main variety Yunyan 99 were studied. The results showed that, with the delaying of harvesting, the maturity, nicotine content and intake impact of the upper leaves increased, and the sugar-nicotine ratio decreased, and the contents of oil, total sugar, reducing sugar, starch and neutral aroma substances firstly increased and then decreased. The appearance quality of the upper leaves with a delaying of 20d after the harvesting of the middle leaves was the best, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and starch were the highest when the harvesting time was delayed 10d, and the contents of neutral aroma substances were the highest when the harvesting time was delayed 15d. By simulating the regression equations of sensory evaluation scores, it was concluded that the aroma quality, aroma abundance and comprehensive sensory quality of the upper leaves were the best when once-over harvesting was delayed 16-18d after the middle leaves were harvested. Considering the quality of tobacco leaves and the requirements of industrial companies for cigarette raw materials, it was more appropriate to harvest the upper leaves at one time 16-18d after the middle leaves were harvested in the tobacco area of southern Shaanxi.

Key words: Southern Shaanxi, Flue-cured tobacco, Upper leaves, Once-over harvesting period, Quality

Table 1

Effects of harvesting period on the appearance qualities of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco (score)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 颜色
Color		 成熟度
Maturity		 叶片结构
Leaf structure		 身份
Identity		 油分
Oil		 色度
Chrominance
2020 T1 6.63c 3.70d 5.43c 6.23d 5.60d 5.73c
T2 7.43b 5.60c 7.03b 7.17c 7.47c 6.53b
T3 7.63b 7.33b 7.30b 7.47b 8.07b 8.10a
T4 8.43a 8.13a 8.33a 8.13a 8.57a 8.20a
T5 8.70a 8.07a 8.00a 6.47d 7.43c 8.37a
2021 T1 6.47c 4.21d 4.97d 6.32d 6.23d 5.64c
T2 7.35b 5.43c 6.97c 7.12bc 7.45c 6.56b
T3 7.67b 7.46b 7.42b 7.46b 8.43a 7.95a
T4 8.36a 7.98a 8.24a 8.22a 8.56a 8.23a
T5 8.45a 8.06a 8.12a 6.84c 7.97b 8.24a

Table 2

Effects of harvesting period on the physical properties of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 叶长
Leaf length (cm)		 叶宽
Leaf width (cm)		 叶面积
Leaf area (cm2)		 单叶重
Single leaf weight (g)		 含梗率
Midrib ratio (%)		 叶质重
Leaf density (g/m2)
2020 T1 65.00a 26.60a 1097.05a 17.48ab 23.78d 81.38b
T2 63.40a 22.93a 922.41c 17.74a 26.88a 98.42a
T3 63.07a 23.40a 936.42c 17.31b 24.56c 76.39c
T4 63.50a 25.77a 1038.29ab 16.07c 26.75a 74.04d
T5 62.87a 24.17a 964.17bc 15.46d 25.46b 71.52e
2021 T1 65.27a 25.02a 1036.17a 15.76ab 25.35ab 96.77c
T2 64.23a 24.97a 1017.63a 17.40a 23.93b 114.59a
T3 62.90a 25.35a 1011.72a 16.93ab 27.97ab 101.86b
T4 63.85a 24.96a 1011.20a 15.75ab 28.63a 101.86b
T5 63.77a 25.10a 1015.60a 14.64b 29.41a 96.77c

Table 3

Effects of harvesting period on the chemical compositions of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 总糖
Total sugar (%)		 还原糖
Reducing sugar (%)		 烟碱
Nicotine (%)		 总氮
Total nitrogen (%)		 淀粉
Starch (%)		 糖碱比
Sugar-nicotine ratio		 氮碱比
Nitrogen-nicotine ratio
2020 T1 31.10a 22.80a 2.84d 2.12c 4.06b 10.95a 0.75a
T2 32.10a 23.20a 3.02c 1.92d 4.36a 10.63b 0.64b
T3 29.40b 22.30a 3.53b 2.09c 4.10b 8.33c 0.59c
T4 28.20b 22.20a 3.54b 2.27b 3.53c 7.97d 0.64b
T5 19.00c 15.50b 4.03a 2.51a 3.39c 4.71e 0.62bc
2021 T1 27.50a 21.00b 2.98c 2.51b 3.87b 9.23a 0.84a
T2 28.00a 23.50a 3.24b 2.30d 4.19a 8.64b 0.71c
T3 24.90b 18.50c 3.37b 2.40c 3.28c 7.39c 0.71c
T4 19.00c 16.80d 3.39b 2.62a 3.02d 5.60d 0.77b
T5 17.50d 15.40e 3.80a 2.71a 2.98d 4.61e 0.71c

Table 4

Effects of harvesting period on the neutral fragrance ingredients of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco μg/g"

类型
Type		 致香成分
Aroma component		 2020 2021
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
芳香族氨基酸降解产物
Aromatic amino acid
degradation product
 苯甲醛 0.49 0.25 0.33 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.35 0.43 0.48 0.45
苯甲醇 12.21 7.30 7.90 9.23 5.35 10.25 9.50 13.22 10.83 9.01
苯乙醛 2.69 2.05 2.02 2.61 3.21 2.80 1.78 3.23 3.77 3.15
苯乙醇 2.48 1.61 2.23 1.99 2.09 2.77 2.05 2.85 2.53 2.59
小计 17.87a 11.21d 12.48c 14.34b 11.10d 16.20c 13.68e 19.73a 17.61b 15.20d
棕色化反应产物
Browning reaction
product
 糠醛 20.33 21.87 25.45 21.41 22.67 19.43 20.05 16.03 18.51 16.25
糠醇 0.34 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.31 1.20 1.21 1.62 1.17 1.05
2-乙酰基呋喃 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.68 0.66
2-乙酰基吡咯 0.22 0.23 0.34 0.24 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.29 0.22 0.19
3,4-二甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮 0.98 0.32 0.42 0.35 1.67 0.61 0.62 0.65 0.58 0.56
5-甲基糠醛 1.00 0.46 0.91 1.09 1.10 2.17 1.78 2.19 2.11 1.90
2,6-壬二烯醛 0.23 0.25 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.52 0.69 0.44 0.62 0.53
小计 23.28b 23.59b 27.76a 23.70b 26.18a 24.94ab 25.30a 21.97c 23.89b 21.14c
类胡萝卜素降解产物
Carotenoid degradation
product
 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 0.50 0.27 0.23 0.17 0.57 1.87 1.70 1.73 1.81 1.63
6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇 0.84 0.97 1.21 0.94 1.48 1.29 1.25 0.95 0.82 0.87
愈创木酚 2.83 2.66 2.91 2.76 2.93 3.13 2.78 2.55 2.82 2.44
芳樟醇 0.63 0.57 0.70 0.55 0.85 0.64 0.68 0.67 0.77 0.67
β-大马酮 23.40 25.10 27.78 25.90 21.41 16.27 17.65 16.84 17.45 15.59
β-二氢大马酮 28.21 27.27 30.49 24.25 22.30 15.69 15.60 16.93 14.49 15.47
氧化异佛尔酮 0.22 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13
香叶基丙酮 2.35 2.39 2.17 2.38 2.44 1.22 1.16 1.29 1.54 1.38
二氢猕猴桃内酯 1.74 1.84 1.58 1.82 2.17 2.43 2.29 2.49 1.84 1.91
3-羟基-β-二氢大马酮 1.48 1.73 1.86 2.43 3.06 1.30 1.47 1.62 1.75 1.72
巨豆三烯酮1 2.59 2.85 2.40 2.80 1.85 1.25 1.20 1.55 1.55 1.56
巨豆三烯酮2 7.56 9.86 7.60 10.03 5.26 4.90 4.43 6.64 6.33 6.39
巨豆三烯酮3 6.34 5.15 5.73 5.48 4.03 7.41 6.89 4.58 5.98 4.87
巨豆三烯酮4 10.37 11.45 10.61 10.70 9.10 7.64 7.02 8.89 8.62 8.30
螺岩兰草酮 2.22 2.18 4.99 2.43 3.33 4.61 4.81 2.69 5.79 3.30
法尼基丙酮 14.04 15.96 10.52 13.35 12.32 9.51 9.46 9.61 10.02 8.66
藏花醛 0.28 0.13 0.14 0.36 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
β-环柠檬醛 0.56 0.66 0.60 0.54 0.57 0.51 0.53 0.44 0.47 0.47
小计 106.16a 111.17a 111.67a 107.03a 94.11b 79.87a 79.10a 79.65a 82.24a 75.41b
类西柏烷类降解产物
Cyperane degradation
product		 茄酮 34.20 49.92 55.75 45.24 58.36 49.54 50.37 36.09 31.20 29.18
小计 34.20e 49.92c 55.75b 45.24d 58.36a 49.54a 50.37a 36.09b 31.20c 29.18d
叶绿素降解产物
Chlorophyll degradation
product		 新植二烯 1073.20 1165.66 1239.05 1123.25 918.09 793.55 923.95 935.25 931.76 759.38
小计 1073.20d 1165.66b 1239.05a 1123.25c 918.09e 793.55b 923.95a 935.25a 931.76a 759.38b
总量Total 1254.71c 1361.55b 1446.71a 1313.56b 1107.84d 964.10b 1092.40a 1092.69a 1086.70a 900.31c

Table 5

Effects of harvesting period on the sensory qualities of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco (score)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 烟气品质Aroma quality 烟气丰富程度Aroma abundance 总分
Total		 劲头
Stiffness
香气质
Aroma quality		 刺激性
Irritancy		 杂气
Offensive odor		 香气量
Aroma quantity		 浓度
Concentration
2020 T1 20.00c 13.33b 6.67d 20.00d 7.00b 67.00c 5.50c
T2 20.67b 13.78a 6.89c 21.00c 7.22ab 69.56b 5.80b
T3 21.00b 13.33b 7.11ab 21.67b 7.22ab 70.33b 6.20a
T4 21.67a 14.00a 7.22a 22.00a 7.44a 72.33a 6.20a
T5 20.67b 13.33b 7.00bc 21.00c 7.22ab 69.22b 6.30a
2021 T1 20.67d 13.33c 6.67d 20.67d 6.89c 68.23c 6.10b
T2 21.67b 13.78a 6.78c 21.33c 7.00b 70.56b 6.30ab
T3 22.00a 13.78a 7.00a 22.00a 7.11a 71.89a 6.50ab
T4 21.67b 13.33c 6.89b 21.67b 7.00b 70.56b 6.50ab
T5 21.33c 13.56b 6.89b 21.33c 7.00b 70.11b 6.60a

Fig.1

Changes of sensory quality of upper leaves in different harvesting periods"

Table 6

Comprehensive evaluation of sensory qualities of upper leaves in different harvesting periods"

感官评价指标
Sensory evaluation index		 年份
Year		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2 最佳延迟采收天数
Optimal delaying days for harvesting (d)
烟气品质Aroma quality 2020 y=-0.3650x2+2.5450x+37.714 0.7229 17.43
2021 y=-0.3414x2+2.2366x+38.916 0.8251 16.38
香气丰富程度Aroma abundance 2020 y=-0.3571x2+2.5089x+24.756 0.9369 17.56
2021 y=-0.2457x2+1.6623x+26.116 0.9275 16.91
感官质量综合评价
Comprehensive evaluation of sensory quality		 2020 y=-0.7221x2+5.0539x+62.470 0.8415 17.50
2021 y=-0.5871x2+3.8989x+65.032 0.8940 16.60
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