Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 224-232.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.06.031

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Quality of Millet

Zhao Lijie(), Zhao Haiyan, Han Genlan, Wang Jiang, Nie Mengʼen, Du Huiling(), Yuan Xiangyang, Dong Shuqi   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2022-07-08 Revised:2022-07-28 Online:2023-12-15 Published:2023-12-15

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Abstract:

The effects of N fertilizer and different organic fertilizers in different ratios on grain quality were investigated in a field experiment using a completely randomized design with Jingu 21 as the material and 15 different treatments of no fertilizer, organic fertilizer and urea alone, and organic and inorganic fertilizer with no fertilizer as the control. The results showed that the organic and inorganic fertilization was beneficial to improve the grain quality. The treatment of 108kg/ha urea with yellow meal manure increased the crude fat content of grain by 5.36% on average, the gum consistency by 21.38%, the carotenoid content by 5.56%, the amylose and amylopectin content by 22.06% and 14.69%, and the amylose-amylopectin ratio by 35.33%. The combination of urea and organic fertilizer improved the brightness, yellow-green value and overall index of rice color, and improved the appearance quality of millet. The application of urea with yellow meal manure improved the grain amino acid difference value and enhanced the freshness of millet. The quality of millet was mainly affected by crude fat, crude protein, amylose and amylopectin contents and rice color. Therefore, the optimized fertilization management pattern could significantly improve the millet quality.

Key words: Foxtail millet, Nitrogen fertilizer, Organic fertilizer, Quality

Table 1

Test design kg/hm2"

序号
Number		 施肥方式
Fertilization
method		 处理
Treatment		 尿素
Urea		 有机肥Organic fertilizer
生物有机肥
Bio-organic
fertilizer (A)		 发酵黄粉虫粪
Tenebrio molitor
manure (B)
1 不施肥 CK 0 0 0
2 单施尿素 N1 120 0 0
3 N2 180 0 0
4 单施有机肥 A1 0 3750 0
5 A2 0 7500 0
6 B1 0 0 3750
7 B2 0 0 7500
8 有机无机配施 N1A1 120 3750 0
9 N1A2 120 7500 0
10 N1B1 120 0 3750
11 N1B2 120 0 7500
12 N2A1 180 3750 0
13 N2A2 180 7500 0
14 N2B1 180 0 3750
15 N2B2 180 0 7500

Fig.1

Effects of different fertilization methods on millet color Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the level of 0.05, the same below"

Table 2

Effects of urea combined with bio organic fertilizer on millet quality"

处理
Treatment		 粗脂肪
Crude
fat (%)		 粗蛋白
Crude
protein (%)		 胶稠度
Gel consistency
(mm)		 类胡萝卜素
Carotenoids
(mg/kg)
CK 3.96±0.03g 11.24±0.04g 90.35±1.79b 17.29±0.37c
N1 4.23±0.01e 11.40±0.01f 78.00±2.89e 18.97±0.31a
N2 4.29±0.02d 11.92±0.07b 72.23±1.22f 18.24±0.13b
A1 4.13±0.02f 11.55±0.04e 81.80±1.23d 15.52±0.15d
A2 4.13±0.01f 11.62±0.05d 94.64±1.70a 14.50±0.17e
N1A1 4.24±0.05e 11.64±0.04d 77.16±2.09e 18.03±0.08b
N1A2 4.35±0.03c 11.72±0.01c 95.61±1.34a 18.65±0.06a
N2A1 4.42±0.01b 11.76±0.03c 84.65±0.39cd 17.95±0.19b
N2A2 4.58±0.06a 12.83±0.03a 85.26±2.94c 18.18±0.01b
单施氮肥（N） *** *** ns **
单施有
机肥（A）		 *** * * ***
N×A *** ns * ***

Table 3

Effects of urea combined with Tenebrio molitor manure on millet quality"

处理
Treatment		 粗脂肪
Crude
fat (%)		 粗蛋白
Crude
protein (%)		 胶稠度
Gel consistency
(mm)		 类胡萝卜素
Carotenoids
(mg/kg)
CK 3.96±0.03g 11.24±0.04h 90.35±1.79c 17.29±0.37d
N1 4.23±0.01d 11.40±0.01g 78.00±2.89e 18.97±0.31b
N2 4.29±0.02bc 11.92±0.07b 72.23±1.22f 18.24±0.13c
B1 4.15±0.03e 11.56±0.01f 95.64±2.90b 15.44±0.19e
B2 4.08±0.04f 11.64±0.01e 104.14±4.20a 15.56±0.32e
N1B1 4.25±0.02cd 11.74±0.02d 90.92±0.85c 18.37±0.09c
N1B2 4.32±0.03b 11.81±0.06c 83.48±0.58d 17.16±0.08d
N2B1 4.34±0.03b 12.04±0.04a 92.12±0.86bc 20.04±0.37a
N2B2 4.67±0.02a 12.09±0.02a 83.22±3.53d 18.47±0.08c
单施氮肥（N） ns *** ns ***
单施黄粉
虫粪（B）		 ns ** ** ***
N×B ns ns * ***

Table 4

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and bio organic fertilizer on millet starch"

处理
Treatment		 直链淀粉
Amylopectin
(%)		 支链淀粉
Amylose
(%)		 总淀粉
Amylum
(%)		 支直比
Amylose-
amylopectin
ratio
CK 13.38±0.06f 37.15±2.10f 50.50±1.87f 2.78±0.21d
N1 13.45±0.02f 43.87±0.44e 58.67±0.29e 2.96±0.06d
N2 14.97±0.01b 50.79±4.26d 66.03±3.88d 3.34±0.37c
A1 13.66±0.07e 43.04±1.41e 57.97±1.71e 2.88±0.04d
A2 14.23±0.01c 55.74±1.97c 69.26±1.96c 4.12±0.16b
N1A1 13.78±0.03d 57.73±1.00bc 71.40±0.97bc 4.22±0.09b
N1A2 15.48±0.07a 58.32±0.66bc 72.89±0.93ab 4.00±0.06b
N2A1 13.13±0.04g 62.03±0.43a 75.15±0.47a 4.73±0.03a
N2A2 14.30±0.09c 59.51±1.44ab 73.79±1.72ab 4.17±0.14b

Table 5

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and T.molitor manure on millet starch"

处理
Treatment		 直链淀粉
Amylopectin
(%)		 支链淀粉
Amylose
(%)		 总淀粉
Amylum
(%)		 支直比
Amylose-
amylopectin
ratio
CK 13.38±0.06g 37.15±2.10e 50.50±1.87e 2.78±0.21d
N1 13.45±0.02g 43.87±0.44d 58.67±0.29d 2.96±0.06cd
N2 14.97±0.01b 50.79±4.00c 66.03±3.88c 3.34±0.37c
B1 15.08±0.11a 57.89±2.20b 71.63±1.76b 4.23±0.42b
B2 14.17±0.03e 57.54±1.39b 71.87±1.66b 4.01±0.04b
N1B1 14.74±0.04d 59.65±2.75ab 73.87±2.77ab 4.20±0.20b
N1B2 13.86±0.07f 59.01±1.63b 72.73±1.53ab 4.30± 0.16b
N2B1 14.85±0.03c 63.28±2.65a 76.64±2.57a 4.74±0.23a
N2B2 14.85±0.04c 60.71±0.67ab 74.83±0.5ab 4.30±0.12b

Table 6

Effects of urea combined with bio organic fertilizer on amino acid composition of millet %"

处理Treatment 丙氨酸Ala 精氨酸Arg 天冬氨酸Asp 胱氨酸Cys 谷氨酸Glu 甘氨酸Gly 组氨酸His 异亮氨酸Ile 亮氨酸Leu
CK 1.08±0.02e 0.52±0.01d 0.83±0.01ab 0.12±0.01d 2.30±0.02cde 0.46±0.01ab 0.28±0.01abc 1.47±0.01bc 0.47±0.01c
N1 1.11±0.02ab 0.56±0.01bc 0.86±0.02a 0.13±0.01cd 2.51±0.04ab 0.48±0.01a 0.29±0.01a 1.48±0.02bc 0.52±0.01ab
N2 1.10±0.01abc 0.57±0.02bc 0.82±0.01bcd 0.14±0.02bc 2.57±0.04a 0.45±0.01bcd 0.28±0.01abc 1.45±0.01c 0.51±0.02b
A1 1.09±0.02cde 0.57±0.01bc 0.80±0.02cd 0.14±0.01bc 2.07±0.26e 0.44±0.01cd 0.25±0.02cd 1.51±0.02b 0.46±0.02c
A2 1.08±0.01de 0.57±0.01b 0.82±0.01bcd 0.15±0.01b 2.26±0.09cde 0.46±0.01abc 0.22±0.02d 1.54±0.02a 0.47±0.02c
N1A1 1.10±0.01bcd 0.55±0.02bc 0.82±0.04bd 0.12±0.02d 2.54±0.14ab 0.46±0.03abc 0.25±0.03bcd 1.46±0.02c 0.45±0.02c
N1A2 1.09±0.01cde 0.56±0.01bc 0.82±0.01bcd 0.13±0.01bcd 2.40±0.2bcd 0.46±0.01ab 0.23±0.02d 1.51±0.03b 0.46±0.02c
N2A1 1.08±0.01e 0.55±0.01c 0.79±0.01d 0.14±0.01bc 2.22±0.03de 0.43±0.01d 0.25±0.01bcd 1.50±0.01b 0.47±0.01c
N2A2 1.11±0.01a 0.60±0.01a 0.83±0.02bc 0.17±0.01a 2.49±0.06abc 0.46±0.01ab 0.25±0.02cd 1.55±0.02a 0.53±0.01a
单施氮肥（N） ns *** ** ** * ** *** *** ***
单施鸡粪（A） ns *** ** ** * ** *** *** ***
N×A * *** ns * ns ns ns ** ***

Table 7

Effects of urea combined with T.molitor manure on amino acid components of millet"

处理
Treatment		 丙氨酸
Ala		 精氨酸
Arg		 天冬氨酸
Asp		 胱氨酸
Cys		 谷氨酸
Glu		 甘氨酸
Gly		 组氨酸
His		 异亮氨酸
Ile
CK 1.08±0.02d 0.52±0.01e 0.83±0.01b 0.12±0.01c 2.30±0.02e 0.46±0.01bc 0.28±0.01a 1.47±0.01d
N1 1.11±0.01a 0.56±0.01c 0.86±0.03a 0.13±0.01c 2.51±0.04bc 0.48±0.03a 0.29±0.01a 1.48±0.02cd
N2 1.10±0.01ab 0.57±0.02bc 0.82±0.01bc 0.14±0.02b 2.57±0.04ab 0.45±0.01cd 0.28±0.01a 1.45±0.01e
B1 1.09±0.01cd 0.59±0.01a 0.79±0.02d 0.17±0.01a 2.36±0.08de 0.44±0.01e 0.23±0.03bc 1.52±0.02a
B2 1.10±0.01abc 0.58±0.01ab 0.82±0.02bc 0.15±0.01b 2.42±0.06cd 0.45±0.01cd 0.24±0.02b 1.51±0.02ab
N1B1 1.11±0.01ab 0.57±0.02abc 0.82±0.01bc 0.12±0.01c 2.59±0.06a 0.47±0.01ab 0.21±0.01c 1.49±0.01cd
N1B2 1.1±0.01bc 0.55±0.01d 0.84±0.01b 0.13±0.04c 2.42±0.02cd 0.47±0.01b 0.28±0.01a 1.48±0.02cd
N2B1 1.11±0.01ab 0.53±0.01de 0.83±0.01b 0.13±0.01c 2.49±0.03bc 0.47±0.01ab 0.24±0.02b 1.52±0.01ab
N2B2 1.10±0.02abc 0.58±0.02abc 0.80±0.01cd 0.15±0.01b 2.57±0.03ab 0.45±0.02d 0.24±0.02b 1.50±0.01bc
单施氮肥（N） *** ns *** *** *** *** ns **
单施黄粉虫粪（B） ns ** *** ** ns * *** ***
N×B ** *** ** *** *** *** ** **

Fig.2

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and organic fertilizer on flavor amino acids in millet"

Table 8

Correlation between grain quality traits of millet"

指标
Index		 粗脂肪
Crude
fat		 粗蛋白
Crude
protein		 直链淀粉
Amylopectin		 胶稠度
Gel
consistency		 类胡萝卜素
Carotenoids		 L* a* b* 苦味氨基酸
Bitter
amino
acid		 甜味氨基酸
Sweet
amino
acid		 鲜味氨基酸
Fresh
amino
acid		 支链淀粉
Amylose		 总淀粉
Amylum		 支直比
Amylose-
amylopectin
ratio
粗脂肪Crude fat 1.000
粗蛋白
Crude protein		 -0.001 1.000
直链淀粉
Amylopectin		 0.137 -0.010 1.000
胶稠度
Gel consistency		 0.424** -0.088 -0.351* 1.000
类胡萝卜素
Carotenoids		 0.073 0.277 -0.253 -0.227 1.000
L* -0.315* 0.342* -0.223 -0.417** 0.276 1.000
a* -0.144 0.424** -0.303* -0.342* 0.547** 0.693** 1.000
b* -0.184 -0.390** 0.001 -0.054 -0.083 0.029 -0.045 1.000
苦味氨基酸
Bitter amino acid		 -0.016 0.027 -0.083 -0.170 0.225 0.141 0.261 -0.222 1.000
甜味氨基酸
Sweet amino acid		 0.131 0.479** 0.030 0.008 0.036 0.311* 0.269 -0.778** 0.149 1.000
鲜味氨基酸
Fresh amino acid		 0.041 0.672** 0.322* 0.070 -0.048 0.382** 0.199 -0.205 -0.253 0.543** 1.000
支链淀粉
Amylose		 -0.074 0.553** -0.248 0.743** 0.092 0.655** 0.527** 0.108 -0.061 0.240 0.603** 1.000
总淀粉Amylum -0.064 0.562** -0.171 -0.296* 0.073 0.648** 0.512** 0.110 -0.069 0.246 0.640** 0.997** 1.000
支直比
Amylose-
amylopectin ratio		 -0.142 0.489** -0.560** 0.616** 0.266 0.702** 0.644** 0.018 0.038 0.291 0.421** 0.875** 0.845** 1.000

Table 9

Principal component analysis of grain quality phase of millet under different fertilization treatments"

指标
Index		 主成分1
Component 1		 主成分2
Component 2		 主成分3
Component 3		 主成分4
Component 4
粗脂肪Crude fat 0.42 -0.07 0.20 0.10
粗蛋白Crude protein 0.38 -0.05 -0.07 0.18
直链淀粉Amylopectin 0.20 -0.27 -0.39 0.07
支链淀粉Amylose 0.36 0.34 -0.17 -0.05
胶稠度Gel consistency -0.10 0.52 -0.22 -0.28
类胡萝卜素Carotenoids 0.16 0.01 0.51 0.52
L* 0.31 0.38 -0.01 -0.10
a* 0.27 0.40 0.24 -0.16
b* -0.21 0.40 -0.06 0.46
苦味氨基酸Bitter amino acid 0.06 -0.05 0.56 -0.36
甜味氨基酸Sweet amino acid 0.35 -0.26 -0.09 -0.38
鲜味氨基酸Fresh amino acid 0.37 -0.04 -0.28 0.29
特征值Eigenvalue 4.73 2.08 1.71 1.31
贡献率Contribution rate (%) 39.45 17.36 14.28 10.89
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate (%) 39.45 56.80 71.09 81.98
权重Weight (%) 48.12 21.17 17.42 13.28

Table 10

Principal component scores, comprehensive scores and rankings of millet grain quality under different fertilization treatments"

处理Treatment F1 F2 F3 F4 F 排名Ranking
N2B1 0.541 0.891 0.955 0.572 0.570 1
N2B2 1.518 -0.607 1.601 -1.403 0.570 2
N2A2 1.695 -0.678 -0.634 0.472 0.510 3
N1A2 0.066 1.637 0.275 1.069 0.470 4
N1B1 0.336 0.945 0.040 0.024 0.310 5
N1A1 0.109 0.458 1.016 0.020 0.270 6
N2A1 0.723 -0.185 -0.191 -0.013 0.220 7
N1B2 0.572 0.174 -1.099 0.610 0.170 8
N2 -0.312 -1.538 -0.552 2.211 -0.230 9
B2 -0.725 1.253 -1.183 -0.253 -0.270 10
N1 -0.972 -0.992 1.684 0.292 -0.280 11
A2 -0.516 0.490 -0.361 -1.735 -0.360 12
B1 -0.641 0.310 -1.135 -0.673 -0.430 13
A1 -0.092 -1.768 -1.136 -1.211 -0.640 14
CK -2.302 -0.391 0.721 0.020 -0.870 15
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