Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (5): 110-118.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.05.016

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Effects of Population Density and Fulvic Acid on Yield and Nutritional Quality of Kidney Bean

Sun Guangxu1(), Liu Ying1, Wang Xinyi1, Kong Deyong1, Wei Na1, Xing Liwen1, Guo Wei1,2()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
    2Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation Technology and Crop Germplasm Improvement, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2023-04-17 Revised:2023-11-09 Online:2024-10-15 Published:2024-10-16

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Abstract:

Synchronizing seed yield and quality through fine field management and nutritional control is an effective way to improve the comprehensive benefits of kidney bean cultivation. In this study, a two-factor split-zone experimental design was used to set up three population densities [2.0×105 plants (D1), 2.3×105 plants (D2), and 2.6×105 plants/ha (D3)] and five concentrations of fulvic acid sprayed at the flowering stage [0 (C0), 0.37 (C1), 0.45 (C2), 1.12 (C3) and 1.50 kg/ha (C4)] for a total of 15 treatments. The results showed that: in the year with poor growing conditions and low yield level (2021), the differences in yield per plant were small, and the seed yield increased with planting density; in the full-grown and productive condition (2022), the average number of pods and grains per plant under the thinning treatment increased by 4.5 and 21.1 grains, respectively, compared with the conventional density, which resulted in an increase in the average yield by 27.6%. Unfavorable growth conditions resulted in enhanced seed protein synthesis, reduced flavonoid and saponin content, but increased total phenolic content. Foliar spraying of fulvic acid increased grain filling vigor and contributed to yield formation in kidney bean under unfavorable growth conditions, whereas it had no yield- enhancing effect under favorable growth conditions, but promoted the synthesis of efficacy components in the grains, especially in the C4 treatment, where the mean flavonoids and saponins contents in 2022 were increased by 11.1% and 16.3%, respectively, compared with the control. In a comprehensive analysis, using a population of 2.0×105 plants/ha under the production conditions of the experimental area, while spraying 0.45 kg/ha of fulvic acid at the flowering stage of kidney beans, can stabilize the quality of kidney bean and increase the seed yield at the same time.

Key words: Planting density, Fulvic acid, Kidney bean, Yield, Grain quality

Fig.1

Precipitation during growth period in the test site"

Table 1

Soil nutrient content of the test site mg/kg"

年份
Year		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzable
nitrogen		 速效磷
Available
phosphorus		 速效钾
Available
potassium		 pH
2021 192 36 147 5.9
2022 206 31 161 5.9

Table 2

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on yield of kidney bean grain yield and its components in 2021"

处理
Treatment		 密度（万株/hm2）
Density (×104 plant/hm2)		 单株荚数
Pod number per plant		 单株粒数
Grain number per plant		 百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 单株产量
Yield per plant (g)		 产量
Yield (kg/hm2)
D1 19.99±0.40c 9.69±0.99a 26.11±2.02a 41.74±1.59c 9.09±0.38b 2043±142.95c
D2 23.60±0.38b 9.27±0.85a 25.25±3.27a 43.47±2.54b 10.67±1.56a 2587±229.51b
D3 26.62±0.53a 8.88±0.92a 23.01±2.75b 46.26±1.59a 10.41±1.87a 3025±297.67a
C0 23.71±2.50a 8.48±0.42b 25.45±2.27a 43.37±1.92a 9.60±1.25b 2587±429.09ab
C1 23.83±3.52a 10.23±0.14a 27.81±0.84a 44.93±0.78a 11.95±1.09a 2906±167.91a
C2 23.43±2.89a 8.51±0.74b 22.11±2.53b 42.34±1.31b 9.14±0.56b 2247±139.02b
C3 23.55±3.11a 9.01±0.78ab 21.74±0.93b 43.44±2.97ab 9.08±0.40b 2242±145.96b
C4 23.91±2.94a 10.16±0.69a 26.83±1.51a 43.03±3.58ab 10.52±1.41ab 2777±158.89a

Table 3

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on yield of kidney bean grains and its components in 2022"

处理
Treatment		 密度（万株/hm2）
Density (×104 plant/hm2)		 单株荚数
Pod number per plant		 单株粒数
Grain number per plant		 百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 单株产量
Yield per plant (g)		 产量
Yield (kg/hm2)
D1 19.86±0.39c 16.03±2.17a 61.22±10.11a 40.51±1.51a 28.77±3.73a 4888±486.46a
D2 23.45±0.42b 11.52±1.39b 40.07±4.81b 39.52±0.44a 18.81±1.78b 3537±315.25b
D3 26.32±0.46a 12.04±1.21b 40.04±5.96b 39.45±0.96a 18.49±2.81b 3640±753.96b
C0 23.25±2.63a 14.66±1.74a 53.40±9.03a 39.69±0.99a 24.69±2.66a 4850±768.18a
C1 23.16±2.51a 12.20±0.09b 42.08±2.85b 40.87±1.54a 20.19±1.46b 4046±224.47b
C2 22.80±2.95a 13.11±2.42ab 49.94±15.37ab 40.07±1.01a 23.28±6.46ab 4392±800.61ab
C3 22.98±2.62a 12.63±2.04ab 43.89±7.38b 39.21±0.72a 20.58±3.65b 3848±329.62b
C4 22.64±2.66a 13.38±4.16ab 45.52±17.51b 39.29±0.29a 21.37±7.12b 3888±995.78b

Fig.2

Proportion of immature pods in kidney bean Different letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level, the same below."

Fig.3

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on sucrose content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.4

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on the soluble sugar content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.5

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on protein content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.6

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on starch content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.7

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on the flavonoid content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.8

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on saponin content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.9

Effects of population density and fulvic acid on the total phenolic content of kidney bean seeds"

Fig.10

Effect of population density and fulvic acid on phytic acid content of kidney bean seeds"

Table 4

Correlation coefficients between grain contents of kidney bean"

指标
Index		 蔗糖
Sucrose		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugar		 淀粉
Starch		 黄酮
Flavonoids		 皂苷
Saponin		 蛋白质
Protein		 总酚
Total phenolic		 植酸
Phytic acid
蔗糖Sucrose 1.000
可溶性糖Soluble sugar 0.371** 1.000
淀粉Starch 0.319** 0.826** 1.000
黄酮Flavonoids 0.203 0.484** 0.642** 1.000
皂苷Saponin 0.468** 0.664** 0.652** 0.562** 1.000
蛋白质Protein 0.331** 0.472** 0.365** 0.283 0.406* 1.000
总酚Total phenolic 0.241* 0.445** 0.391** 0.175 0.443** 0.484** 1.000
植酸Phytic acid 0.023 0.335** 0.508** 0.288** 0.304** 0.110 0.208* 1.000
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