施氮量对小麦花后氮素分配及氮素利用的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2018.02.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究黄淮海麦区化肥投入不断增加,而产量却徘徊不前的问题,以当地主栽品种矮抗58和周麦22为材料,采用4个施氮水平（0、120、240、360kg/hm ²）和品种的二因素分析方法研究了施氮量对小麦植株地上部各器官氮素分配及氮素利用的影响。结果表明：开花期至成熟期小麦植株地上部各营养器官氮含量和氮素积累量均下降。施氮量对开花期和成熟期小麦植株地上部各器官氮含量的影响均达显著水平,增加氮肥能显著促进小麦营养器官氮素向子粒转运和花后氮同化。开花期周麦22叶片氮素转运量优于矮抗58。矮抗58和周麦22花后氮同化量均以施氮量360kg/hm ²最高,花前氮素积累转运量对子粒贡献率达60.25%~97.55%,子粒氮收获指数为59.82%~79.48%,随施氮量的增加而呈下降趋势。施氮量120kg/hm ²处理的氮素养分利用效率、农学利用效率及生产效率均最高。增施氮肥对小麦子粒产量有显著促进影响,矮抗58在施氮量为360kg/hm ²时有最大子粒产量,周麦22在施氮量为240kg/hm ²时有最大子粒产量。推荐矮抗58和周麦22在黄淮海麦区的施氮量为240~360kg/hm ²。

关键词: 小麦, 施氮量, 品种, 氮素积累, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

In order to adjust the increasing input of chemical fertilizers while the output is stagnant in Huanghuaihai region, the effects of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen distribution and nitrogen utilization in different plant organs above ground were studied with local cultivars Aikang 58 and Zhoumai 22 as materials. Four nitrogen fertilizer levels (N₀ 0, N₁ 120, N₂ 240, N₃ 360kg/hm ²) and variety two-factor analysis were used in the experiment. The results showed that the effects of nitrogen application rate on N content in various organs at flowering and maturing stages of wheat were significant. N content and accumulation in the vegetative organs of wheat at maturity stage declined compared with those at anthesis. Increasing fertilization could significantly improve the translocation of N from vegetative organs to grain and N assimilation after anthesis. The translocation of nitrogen from Zhoumai 22 was better than that of Aikang 58. The nitrogen assimilation of Aikang 58 and Zhoumai 22 after anthesis were both the highest in N₃. The contribution rate of accumulated nitrogen before flowering was 60.25%-97.55%. N harvest index of grain was 59.82%-79.48% and decreased as the application of nitrogen increased. Nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic efficiency and production efficiency were the highest in N₁. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly promoted the grain yield of wheat, Aikang 58 had the highest grain yield at the rate of N₃, Zhoumai 22 had the maximum grain yield at the rate of N₂, The nitrogen application rates of Aikang 58 and Zhoumai 22 in Huanghuaihai wheat region were 240-360kg/hm ².

Key words: Wheat, Nitrogen application rate, Variety, Nitrogen accumulation, Nitrogen use efficiency

姜丽娜,岳影,李金娜,张雅雯,朱娅林,李春喜. 施氮量对小麦花后氮素分配及氮素利用的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2018 (2): 80–86

Lina Jiang,Ying Yue,Jinna Li,Yawen Zhang,Yalin Zhu,Chunxi Li. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Nitrogen Allocation and Nitrogen Utilization after Anthesis in Wheat[J]. Crops, 2018(2): 80–86

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品种Variety	处理 Treatment	单株氮素积累量Nitrogen accumulation per plant (mg)			群体氮素积累量(kg/hm²) Population nitrogen accumulation
品种Variety	处理 Treatment	叶片Leaf	茎鞘Stem and sheath	穗轴+颖壳Coil and glume	群体氮素积累量(kg/hm²) Population nitrogen accumulation
矮抗58 Aikang 58	N₀	2.74±0.01d	4.51±0.01c	4.42±0.01b	32.87±1.73d
	N₁	7.74±0.02c	14.86±0.01b	10.50±0.06a	197.60±3.31c
	N₂	14.34±0.04b	18.91±0.02a	9.49±0.02a	317.00±8.45b
	N₃	13.70±0.04a	22.00±0.06a	5.60±0.03a	352.66±6.41a
周麦22 Zhoumai 22	N₀	2.72±0.01d	6.99±0.01d	2.60±0.01d	34.08±0.72d
	N₁	13.10±0.04c	19.95±0.02a	10.22±0.01a	200.86±4.84c
	N₂	14.73±0.02b	17.24±0.12c	9.70±0.01b	369.27±10.91b
	N₃	18.23±0.01a	17.85±0.04b	8.33±0.01c	401.53±1.70a

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	单株氮素积累量Nitrogen accumulation per plant (mg)				群体氮素积累量(kg/hm²) Population nitrogen accumulation
品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem and sheath	穗轴+颖壳 Coil and glume	子粒 Grain	群体氮素积累量(kg/hm²) Population nitrogen accumulation
矮抗58 Aikang 58	N₀	0.63±0.00d	2.19±0.01d	1.10±0.01d	9.19±0.00c	71.47±6.15c
	N₁	1.40±0.00c	4.73±0.00c	6.09±0.02c	33.43±0.05b	186.88±3.39b
	N₂	2.70±0.01b	6.49±0.00b	4.67±0.03b	37.00±1.03a	399.31±1.26a
	N₃	2.17±0.01a	6.45±0.02a	2.49±0.01a	33.17±0.02b	400.15±24.91a
周麦22 Zhoumai 22	N₀	0.75±0.00d	4.18±0.00d	1.24±0.00d	10.48±0.12d	50.71±14.52d
	N₁	2.24±0.00c	4.91±0.01c	4.82±0.02a	39.59±1.02b	244.69±8.15c
	N₂	3.13±0.00b	6.23±0.00b	2.83±0.00c	34.85±1.09c	390.94±21.42a
	N₃	4.43±0.02a	8.19±0.00a	3.61±0.00b	44.61±0.23a	381.18±20.94ab

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	单株氮素转运量(mg) Nitrogen translocation per plant				单株氮素转运率(%) Nitrogen translocation rate per plant
品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem and sheath	穗轴+颖壳 Coil and glume	总转运 Total transition amount	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem and sheath	穗轴+颖壳 Coil and glume
矮抗58	N₀	2.11±0.01d	2.32±0.00d	3.32±0.01c	7.75±0.03d	76.12±0.09d	48.35±0.10d	75.06±0.18a
Aikang 58	N₁	6.34±0.01c	10.13±0.01c	4.41±0.04b	20.88±0.06c	81.84±0.01b	68.15±0.00b	42.05±0.17d
	N₂	11.64±0.03a	12.42±0.03b	4.82±0.04a	28.88±0.06b	81.10±0.02c	66.67±0.06c	50.77±0.36c
	N₃	11.53±0.04b	15.55±0.03a	3.11±0.04d	30.19±0.06a	84.19±0.10a	70.66±0.03a	55.50±0.37b
周麦22	N₀	1.97±0.01d	2.81±0.01d	1.36±0.01d	6.14±0.03d	72.70±0.14d	58.82±0.07d	52.07±0.15d
Zhoumai 22	N₁	10.86±0.04c	15.04±0.03a	5.40±0.04b	31.30±0.06a	82.96±0.05a	75.42±0.07a	52.87±0.29c
	N₂	11.6±0.02b	11.01±0.12b	6.87±0.01a	29.48±0.17b	78.76±0.02b	65.58±0.25b	70.88±0.05a
	N₃	13.8±0.01a	9.66±0.04c	4.72±0.02c	28.18±0.06c	76.05±0.10c	60.32±0.10c	56.69±0.10b

品种Variety	处理 Treatment	氮素转运量(kg/hm²) Nitrogen translocation amount	氮素转运率(%) Nitrogen transport efficiency	花后氮素同化量(kg/hm²) Assimilating amount of nitrogen after anthesis	氮素转运对子粒贡献率(%) Nitrogen contribution proportion
矮抗58 Aikang 58	N₀	37.43d	66.41c	15.10c	71.25d
	N₁	122.15c	63.08c	3.07d	97.55a
	N₂	228.15b	67.57b	23.81b	90.55b
	N₃	306.43a	73.10a	41.97a	87.95c
周麦22 Zhoumai 22	N₀	18.91d	49.88c	12.35c	60.49d
	N₁	176.22c	72.34a	18.27b	90.61b
	N₂	269.74a	70.75ab	29.78a	90.06bc
	N₃	216.42b	63.45b	11.62d	94.90a

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	子粒氮素产量 (kg/hm²) Grain nitrogen production	植株氮素积累量 (kg/hm²) Total nitrogen accumulation	氮素收获指数 (kg/kg) Nitrogen harvest index	氮素养分利用率 (kg/kg) Nitrogen utilization efficiency	氮肥农学效率 (kg/kg) Total nitrogen agronomic efficiency	氮素生产效率 (kg/kg) Nitrogen production efficiency
矮抗58	N₀	30.57d	71.47c	73.50a	24.13d	-	-
Aikang 58	N₁	172.81c	186.88b	67.01c	45.56a	56.58	70.96
	N₂	232.16b	399.31a	63.10d	25.99c	36.06	43.25
	N₃	285.80a	400.15a	72.03b	27.48b	25.76	30.55
周麦22	N₀	41.21d	50.71d	61.64c	34.90a	-	-
Zhoumai 22	N₁	277.89b	244.69c	79.48a	34.39ab	55.38	70.12
	N₂	353.02a	390.94a	76.62b	23.93cd	31.60	38.98
	N₃	251.93c	381.18b	59.82d	23.14d	19.59	24.50