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作物杂志,2021, 第2期: 1–14 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.02.001

所属专题： 小麦专题

• 专题综述 •    下一篇

利用近缘种属优良基因改良小麦研究进展

贾子苗1(), 邱玉亮1,2, 林志珊1, 王轲1, 叶兴国1()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,100081,北京
    2山西农业大学棉花研究所,044000,山西运城
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-13 修回日期:2021-01-16 出版日期:2021-04-15 发布日期:2021-04-16
  • 通讯作者: 叶兴国
  • 作者简介:贾子苗,研究方向为小麦染色体工程育种,E-mail： 190165494@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31771788和31971945)

Research Progress on Wheat Improvement by Using Desirable Genes from Its Relative Species

Jia Zimiao1(), Qiu Yuliang1,2, Lin Zhishan1, Wang Ke1, Ye Xingguo1()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng 044000, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2020-12-13 Revised:2021-01-16 Online:2021-04-15 Published:2021-04-16
  • Contact: Ye Xingguo

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摘要：

小麦是我国以及全球最重要的粮食作物之一。随着人口增长、气候变化和人们对高品质生活的追求,需要培育高产、多抗且优质的小麦品种,确保小麦安全生产和小麦产业健康发展。由于在培育小麦新品种过程中严格持续不断的人工选择,小麦初级基因库已得到充分开发。利用小麦的近缘次级基因库,将传统的育种技术和分子育种技术结合,通过细胞遗传学、分子标记辅助选择和基因工程等方法将小麦近缘种属中的优良基因引入到小麦染色体组中可突破这一育种瓶颈,培育符合当代育种目标的小麦新品种。本文简要介绍了将小麦主要近缘种属及将其蕴含的优良性状和优良外源基因引渗到小麦基因组中的主要技术及特点,重点综述了利用近缘种属优良基因改良小麦抗病性、品质和生长发育等性状的最新研究进展,讨论了目前存在的问题和发展趋势,以期促进小麦近缘种属优良基因的挖掘和新品种培育。

关键词: 小麦, 近缘种属, 外源基因引渗, 遗传改良

Abstract:

Wheat is one of the most important staple food crops all over the world. With the growing population, climate change, and people's yearning for a better life, the breeding of high-quality, high-yield, and multi-resistance wheat varieties are need to secure wheat production and industrial development. However, due to the strict and continuous manual selection by breeders to develop new wheat varieties, the wheat primary gene pool has been fully utilized. Therefore, it is essential to use the secondary gene pool of wheat relatives and introduce some desirable genes into the wheat genome from its relative species through cytogenetics, molecular marker-assisted selection, and genetic engineering in combination with traditional breeding techniques and advanced biotechnology strategies, which can break through this breeding bottleneck and develop new wheat varieties to meet the objectives of contemporary breeding. This paper briefly reviews some main related species and genera of wheat and potential characters harbored in these plants, and some key techniques and their features by which the available foreign genes can be transferred into wheat from its wild relatives by translocation. The latest research progress on the breeding modification of wheat for disease resistance, quality enhancement, growth, and development regulation were also reviewed in this paper. Besides, the existing problems and future aspects in this field were discussed to promote the mining of excellent genes in wheat relative species and the development of new varieties of wheat.

Key words: Wheat, Relative species, Foreign gene integration, Genetic improvement

图1

普通小麦的几个近缘种属成株期 a：长穗偃麦草;b：黑麦;c：簇毛麦;d：大麦

表1

近缘种属抗病基因引入小麦情况

基因名称Gene 来源Source 易位染色体Translocation chromosome 参考文献Reference
白粉病抗性基因Resistance genes for powdery mildew
Pm2b 冰草[Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] 5DS [52]
Pm4 一粒小麦（Triticum monococcum L.） 2AL [53]
Pm6 提莫非维小麦（Triticum timopheeviiZhuk.） T2BS·2GL [54]
Pm50 栽培二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccum L.） 2AL [55]
Pm51 长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum elongatum） 2BL [56]
PmCH89 中间偃麦草[Thinopyrum intermedium(Host) Beauv.] 4BL [57]
PmL962 中间偃麦草[Thinopyrum intermedium(Host) Beauv.] 2BS [58]
Pm53 拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides Tausch） 5BL [59]
Pm55 簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum L.） T5AL·5VS [24]
Pm57 西尔斯山羊草（Aegilops searsiiFeldman & Kislev.） T2BS-2BL·2Ss#1L [60]
Pm58 节节麦（Aegilops tauschii Coss.） 2DS [61]
Pm62 簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum L.） T2BS·2VL [42]
Pm66 高大山羊草（Aegilops longissima L.） T4BL·4SLS [44]
Pm67 簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum L.） T1DL·1VS [43]
条锈病抗性基因Resistance genes for stripe rust
Yr35 二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccoides L.） 6BS [62]
Yr38 沙融山羊草（Aegilops sharonensisEig.） 6AL [63]
Yr50 中间偃麦草[Thinopyrum intermedium(Host) Beauv.] 4BL [64]
Yr53 圆锥小麦（Triticum turgidum L.） 2BL [65]
YrH9020a 华山新麦草（Psathrostachys huashanica Keng） 6D [66]
Yr69 长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum elongatum） 2AS [67]
YrH9017 华山新麦草（Psathrostachys huashanica Keng） 2AL [68]
YrH922 华山新麦草（Psathrostachys huashanica Keng） 3BL [69]
Yr70 小伞山羊草（Aegilops umbellulataZhuk.） 5DS [70]
Yr83 黑麦（Secale cereale L.） 6RL [71]
叶锈病抗性基因Resistance genes for leaf rust
Lr66 拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides Tausch） 3A [72]
Lr76 小伞山羊草（Aegilops umbellulataZhuk.） 5DS [70]
LrM 马克格拉菲亚山草[Aegilops markgrafii(Greuter) Hammer] 2AS [73]
秆锈病抗性基因Resistance genes for stem rust
Sr44 中间偃麦草[Thinopyrum intermedium(Host) Beauv.] T7DS·7Ai#lS [74]
Sr46 节节麦（Aegilops tauschii Coss.） 2DS [75]
Sr47 拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides Tausch） 2BL [76]
Sr51 西尔斯山羊草（Aegilops searsiiFeldman & Kislev.） T3AL·3SsS [77]
Sr52 簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum L.） T6AS·6V#3L [25]
Sr53 卵穗山羊草（Aegilops geniculata L.） T5AS·5MgL [78]
Sr59 黑麦（Secale cereale L.） T2DS·2RL [79]
赤霉病抗性基因Resistance genes for Fusarium head blight
Fhb6 日本披碱草（Elymus tsukushiensisHonda.） T1AS·1Ets#1S [50]
Fhb7 长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum elongatum） T7DS·7el2L [80]
小麦条纹花叶病抗性基因Resistance genes for wheat streak mosaic virus
Wsm3 中间偃麦草[Thinopyrum intermedium(Host) Beauv.] T7BS·7BL7S#3L [81]
小麦纹枯病抗性基因Resistance genes for wheat eyespot
Pch1 偏凸羊草（Aegilops ventricosaTausch） 7DV [82]
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