黄河故道滨海中低产田耕作与增施有机肥对土壤性状及稻-麦周年产量的短期影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2020.01.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

提升中低产田耕地质量是保障地区粮食持续生产能力的重要途径。通过在江苏省滨海县稻-麦轮作区周年秸秆全量还田条件下设置耕作方式与增施有机肥处理,探讨了耕作与有机肥施用对土壤地力及稻麦产量的影响。结果表明,免耕和旋耕处理有助于提升土壤有机质及碱解氮含量,与耕翻处理相比,旋耕处理土壤有机质含量提升13.0%~21.2%,碱解氮含量提高3.6%~26.4%。短期对土壤物理结构改良的效果为耕翻>旋耕>免耕处理,增施有机肥可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机质含量,但对产量几乎没有影响。从周年角度来看,有机无机肥结合、耕翻与浅旋结合有助于改善土壤结构和提升土壤肥水水平,麦季以旋耕处理产量最高,稻季以耕翻处理产量最高。黄河故道稻-麦轮作区中低产田通过在传统化肥基础上增施有机肥、旋耕与深翻交替可以在提升耕地质量的同时实现较高产量。

关键词: 沙土, 耕作, 稻-麦周年, 土壤肥力, 产量

Abstract:

Improving the quality of cultivated land in low and medium yield field is an important way to guarantee the grain production capacity of the region. The effects of tillage and organic fertilizer application on soil fertility were studied by setting up tillage methods and increasing organic fertilizer application under the condition of annual total straw returning in rice-wheat rotation area of Binhai county, Jiangsu province. The results showed that no-tillage and rotary tillage could improve the content of soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen. Compared with ploughing treatment, soil organic matter content in rotary tillage treatment was increased by 13.0%-21.2%, and alkaline free nitrogen content was increased by 3.6%-26.4%. However, the short-term effect on soil physical structure improvement was plowing > rotary tillage > no-tillage. Adding organic fertilizer could reduce soil bulk density and increase soil organic matter, but had little effect on yield. From the anniversary perspective, organic-inorganic combination, tillage and shallow rotation combination are helpful to improve soil structure and soil fertility. The treatments of the highest yield were rotary tillage in wheat season and plowing in rice season, respectively. Adding organic fertilizer and suitable tillage methods could increase annual yield of rice and wheat with effectively increasing soil nutrients, improving soil structure and promoting sustainable productivity of soil. By adding organic fertilizer on the basis of traditional chemical fertilizers, alternating tilling and deep ploughing, the middle and low yield fields in rice-wheat rotation area of the Old Yellow River could achieve higher yield while improving the quality of cultivated land.

Key words: Sandy soil, Tillage, Rice-wheat rotation, Soil fertility, Yield

顾克军,顾东祥,张斯梅,张传辉,张恒敢,吴晶晶,樊平声. 黄河故道滨海中低产田耕作与增施有机肥对土壤性状及稻-麦周年产量的短期影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2020 (1): 76–80

Gu Kejun,Gu Dongxiang,Zhang Simei,Zhang Chuanhui,Zhang Henggan,Wu Jingjing,Fan Pingsheng. Short-Term Effects of Tillage and Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Characters and Annual Rice-Wheat Yield in Coastal Low- and Medium-Yield Farmland of the Old Yellow River[J]. Crops, 2020(1): 76–80

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处理 Treatment	容重 Bulk density (g/cm3)	土壤质量含水率 Soil moisture content (%)	土壤空隙度 Soil porosity (%)	土壤三相比R值 Ratio of soil solid- liquid-gaseous	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g/kg)	碱解氮含量Alkali nitrogen content (mg/kg)	速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg/kg)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg/kg)
RW1	1.27a	22.25b	52.17a	4.5ab	6.3e	34.1c	11.8a	99.2c
RW2	1.25a	21.98b	52.67a	4.2a	5.2b	18.3b	16.7b	50.8a
RW3	1.29a	18.98a	51.40a	3.9a	4.6a	16.3a	23.0c	73.1b
RW4	1.24a	20.89b	53.06a	4.6ab	5.4c	20.1b	10.6a	73.9b
RW5	1.23a	19.26ab	53.56a	5.8b	6.1d	19.4b	9.5a	69.4b

处理 Treatment	容重 Bulk density (g/cm3)	土壤质量含水率 Soil moisture content (%)	土壤空隙度 Soil porosity (%)	土壤三相比R值 Ratio of soil solid- liquid-gaseous	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g/kg)	碱解氮含量Alkali nitrogen content (mg/kg)	速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg/kg)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg/kg)
RW1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
RW2	1.21a	25.12a	54.45a	7.2b	6.37b	55.0ab	4.30a	82.8a
RW3	1.27a	24.78a	52.18a	3.6a	4.96a	46.9ab	5.71c	83.1a
RW4	1.33a	28.51ab	49.99a	4.4a	6.60b	45.0a	4.37a	108.0b
RW5	1.20a	30.77b	54.72a	7.1b	7.64c	61.2b	5.00b	127.3c

处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	穗数 Ear number (×10⁴/hm²)	单产 Yield (kg/hm²)
RW1	28.9a	39.9a	459.0	5 458.5c
RW2	27.9a	37.8b	580.5	6 040.5a
RW3	28.4a	38.1b	547.5	5 694.0b
RW4	27.8a	39.1ab	531.0	5 812.5b
RW5	27.3a	40.5a	585.0	6 001.5a

处理 Treatment	穗长(cm) Ear length	穗粒数 Grains per spike	实粒数 Filled-grains per spike	结实率(%) Filled-grain percentage	千粒重(g) 1000-kernel weight	穗数(×10⁴/hm²) Ear number	单产(kg/hm²) Yield
RW1	13.5a	99.6a	90.0a	90.4b	27.7a	362.2b	9 611.2ab
RW2	13.7a	104.1a	94.6a	91.6ab	27.8a	366.7b	9 532.6ab
RW3	13.9a	98.0a	90.2a	90.2b	27.9a	381.7ab	9 901.6ab
RW4	13.2a	83.1ab	77.2ab	92.9ab	28.1a	425.3a	10 436.3a
RW5	12.2b	71.5b	68.2b	95.4a	28.9a	360.1b	8 349.9b