作物杂志,2020, 第1期: 76–80 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2020.01.013

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

黄河故道滨海中低产田耕作与增施有机肥对土壤性状及稻-麦周年产量的短期影响

顾克军,顾东祥,张斯梅,张传辉,张恒敢,吴晶晶,樊平声   

  1. 江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部长江下游平原农业环境重点实验室,210014,江苏南京
  • 收稿日期:2019-08-05 修回日期:2019-10-22 出版日期:2020-02-15 发布日期:2020-02-23
  • 作者简介:顾克军,主要从事耕作与栽培、农机农艺融合等研究,E-mail: gkjjaas@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省农业自主创新资金项目(CX(17)1001);国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFD0301202);江苏省科技支撑计划(BE2017369)

Short-Term Effects of Tillage and Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Characters and Annual Rice-Wheat Yield in Coastal Low- and Medium-Yield Farmland of the Old Yellow River

Gu Kejun,Gu Dongxiang,Zhang Simei,Zhang Chuanhui,Zhang Henggan,Wu Jingjing,Fan Pingsheng   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2019-08-05 Revised:2019-10-22 Online:2020-02-15 Published:2020-02-23

摘要:

提升中低产田耕地质量是保障地区粮食持续生产能力的重要途径。通过在江苏省滨海县稻-麦轮作区周年秸秆全量还田条件下设置耕作方式与增施有机肥处理,探讨了耕作与有机肥施用对土壤地力及稻麦产量的影响。结果表明,免耕和旋耕处理有助于提升土壤有机质及碱解氮含量,与耕翻处理相比,旋耕处理土壤有机质含量提升13.0%~21.2%,碱解氮含量提高3.6%~26.4%。短期对土壤物理结构改良的效果为耕翻>旋耕>免耕处理,增施有机肥可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机质含量,但对产量几乎没有影响。从周年角度来看,有机无机肥结合、耕翻与浅旋结合有助于改善土壤结构和提升土壤肥水水平,麦季以旋耕处理产量最高,稻季以耕翻处理产量最高。黄河故道稻-麦轮作区中低产田通过在传统化肥基础上增施有机肥、旋耕与深翻交替可以在提升耕地质量的同时实现较高产量。

关键词: 沙土, 耕作, 稻-麦周年, 土壤肥力, 产量

Abstract:

Improving the quality of cultivated land in low and medium yield field is an important way to guarantee the grain production capacity of the region. The effects of tillage and organic fertilizer application on soil fertility were studied by setting up tillage methods and increasing organic fertilizer application under the condition of annual total straw returning in rice-wheat rotation area of Binhai county, Jiangsu province. The results showed that no-tillage and rotary tillage could improve the content of soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen. Compared with ploughing treatment, soil organic matter content in rotary tillage treatment was increased by 13.0%-21.2%, and alkaline free nitrogen content was increased by 3.6%-26.4%. However, the short-term effect on soil physical structure improvement was plowing > rotary tillage > no-tillage. Adding organic fertilizer could reduce soil bulk density and increase soil organic matter, but had little effect on yield. From the anniversary perspective, organic-inorganic combination, tillage and shallow rotation combination are helpful to improve soil structure and soil fertility. The treatments of the highest yield were rotary tillage in wheat season and plowing in rice season, respectively. Adding organic fertilizer and suitable tillage methods could increase annual yield of rice and wheat with effectively increasing soil nutrients, improving soil structure and promoting sustainable productivity of soil. By adding organic fertilizer on the basis of traditional chemical fertilizers, alternating tilling and deep ploughing, the middle and low yield fields in rice-wheat rotation area of the Old Yellow River could achieve higher yield while improving the quality of cultivated land.

Key words: Sandy soil, Tillage, Rice-wheat rotation, Soil fertility, Yield

表1

稻-麦轮作不同耕作与施肥处理小麦季收获期土壤养分状况(2018年)"

处理
Treatment
容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)
土壤质量含水率
Soil moisture content (%)
土壤空隙度
Soil porosity
(%)
土壤三相比R值
Ratio of soil solid-
liquid-gaseous
有机质含量
Organic matter
content (g/kg)
碱解氮含量Alkali nitrogen
content (mg/kg)
速效磷含量
Available phosphorus
content (mg/kg)
速效钾含量
Available potassium
content (mg/kg)
RW1 1.27a 22.25b 52.17a 4.5ab 6.3e 34.1c 11.8a 99.2c
RW2 1.25a 21.98b 52.67a 4.2a 5.2b 18.3b 16.7b 50.8a
RW3 1.29a 18.98a 51.40a 3.9a 4.6a 16.3a 23.0c 73.1b
RW4 1.24a 20.89b 53.06a 4.6ab 5.4c 20.1b 10.6a 73.9b
RW5 1.23a 19.26ab 53.56a 5.8b 6.1d 19.4b 9.5a 69.4b

表2

稻-麦轮作不同耕作方式下水稻季收获期土壤养分状况(2018年)"

处理
Treatment
容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)
土壤质量含水率
Soil moisture content (%)
土壤空隙度
Soil porosity
(%)
土壤三相比R值
Ratio of soil solid-
liquid-gaseous
有机质含量
Organic matter
content (g/kg)
碱解氮含量Alkali nitrogen
content (mg/kg)
速效磷含量
Available phosphorus
content (mg/kg)
速效钾含量
Available potassium
content (mg/kg)
RW1 - - - - - - - -
RW2 1.21a 25.12a 54.45a 7.2b 6.37b 55.0ab 4.30a 82.8a
RW3 1.27a 24.78a 52.18a 3.6a 4.96a 46.9ab 5.71c 83.1a
RW4 1.33a 28.51ab 49.99a 4.4a 6.60b 45.0a 4.37a 108.0b
RW5 1.20a 30.77b 54.72a 7.1b 7.64c 61.2b 5.00b 127.3c

图1

耕作施肥对水稻季不同土层有机质和速效氮含量的影响 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)"

表3

稻-麦轮作不同耕作方式下小麦产量构成因素(2018年)"

处理
Treatment
穗粒数
Grains
per spike
千粒重
1000-kernel
weight (g)
穗数
Ear number
(×104/hm2)
单产
Yield
(kg/hm2)
RW1 28.9a 39.9a 459.0 5 458.5c
RW2 27.9a 37.8b 580.5 6 040.5a
RW3 28.4a 38.1b 547.5 5 694.0b
RW4 27.8a 39.1ab 531.0 5 812.5b
RW5 27.3a 40.5a 585.0 6 001.5a

表4

稻-麦轮作不同耕作方式下水稻产量结构(2018年)"

处理
Treatment
穗长(cm)
Ear length
穗粒数
Grains per spike
实粒数
Filled-grains per spike
结实率(%)
Filled-grain percentage
千粒重(g)
1000-kernel weight
穗数(×104/hm2)
Ear number
单产(kg/hm2)
Yield
RW1 13.5a 99.6a 90.0a 90.4b 27.7a 362.2b 9 611.2ab
RW2 13.7a 104.1a 94.6a 91.6ab 27.8a 366.7b 9 532.6ab
RW3 13.9a 98.0a 90.2a 90.2b 27.9a 381.7ab 9 901.6ab
RW4 13.2a 83.1ab 77.2ab 92.9ab 28.1a 425.3a 10 436.3a
RW5 12.2b 71.5b 68.2b 95.4a 28.9a 360.1b 8 349.9b
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