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作物杂志,2022, 第1期: 11–19 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.01.002

• 专题综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

水稻根系特征与氮吸收利用效率关系的研究进展

刘磊(), 宋娜娜, 齐晓丽, 崔克辉()   

  1. 作物遗传改良国家重点实验室/农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,430070,湖北武汉
  • 收稿日期:2021-05-15 修回日期:2021-12-30 出版日期:2022-02-15 发布日期:2022-02-16
  • 通讯作者: 崔克辉
  • 作者简介:刘磊,研究方向为水稻根系生物学与资源高效利用,E-mail： 18790091496@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31671598)

Research Advances on the Relationship between Root Characteristics and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Rice

Liu Lei(), Song Nana, Qi Xiaoli, Cui Kehui()   

  1. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2021-05-15 Revised:2021-12-30 Online:2022-02-15 Published:2022-02-16
  • Contact: Cui Kehui

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摘要：

植物根系是活跃的物质代谢和吸收器官,对植株生物量积累、养分和水分高效吸收利用具有重要作用。本文主要综述了水稻根系形态、解剖、生理特征与氮吸收利用效率的关系以及不同氮效率品种根系特征的差异,并综述了促进根系生长和提高氮吸收利用效率的栽培调控措施,展望了未来水稻根系的研究方向,为水稻氮肥减施、氮高效栽培管理技术优化和氮高效品种选育提供理论依据。

关键词: 水稻, 根系特征, 氮吸收利用效率, 品种选育, 栽培调控

Abstract:

Plant root system is an actively metabolic and absorptive organ, which is tightly associated with the high-efficient uptake and utilization of nutrients and water. In this article, we examine the relationship of nitrogen uptake and utilization with the root morphological, anatomical, physiological characteristics in rice, and the root characteristics of rice varieties with different nitrogen utilization efficiency. In addition, we also summarize the cultivation measures widely used to increase nitrogen utilization efficiency by improving root growth in rice production. The future research on improving nitrogen uptake and utilization based on root characteristics in rice is also prospected in this paper. The review may provide insights for reducing nitrogen fertilizer application rate, developing optimal management techniques for high resource efficiency, and breeding of nitrogen high-efficiency varieties.

Key words: Rice, Root characteristics, Nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, Cultivar breeding, Cultivation management

表1

作物根系形态特征与氮素吸收利用效率的关系

根系性状
Root trait		 与氮吸收利用效率的关系
Correlations with nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency		 参考文献
Reference
根系分布Root distribution
高产、高氮吸收利用率的水稻品种在10cm以下土层有较大的根干重、根表面积和根体积 [11-12]
总根长、根表面积、根体积
Total root length, root surface area, root volume		 氮积累量和氮利用效率高的水稻品种通常具有较大的总根长、根表面积和根体积 [13-20]
侧根Lateral root 侧根数以及侧根长与氮积累量呈正相关关系 [15,21-23]
根毛Root hair 长且密的根毛可提高水稻对氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收效率 [8,24-27]

表2

作物根系解剖特征与氮素吸收利用效率的关系

根系性状
Root trait		 与氮吸收利用效率的关系
Correlations with nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency		 参考文献
Reference
根直径、根中柱Root diameter, root stele 氮素吸收利用率高的水稻品种具有较多的粗分枝根 [35-42]
根皮层性状Root cortical traits 皮层细胞层数少、皮层细胞大会降低玉米根系的呼吸代谢消耗,提高抗逆性 [43-46]
根通气组织Root aerenchyma
根通气组织的形成可提高玉米低氮下的氮素利用效率,氮素吸收利用率高的水稻品种也具有较多的根通气组织 [47-54]
根木质化和栓质化
Root lignification and suberization		 水稻根木质化和栓质化水平在低氮下降低,与氮吸收呈负相关关系
[55-59]

表3

作物根系生理特征与氮素吸收利用效率的关系

根系性状
Root trait		 与氮吸收利用效率的关系
Correlations with nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency		 参考文献
Reference
NO3-和NH4+转运基因
NO3- and NH4+ transporter genes		 OsNRT2.3b和OSAMT1;1高表达提高水稻的氮素吸收利用率
[61-62]
氮同化酶活性
Nitrogen-assimilating enzyme activity
氮素吸收利用率高的的水稻品种通常具有较高的根系硝酸还原酶（NR）、亚硝酸还原酶（NiR）、谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）、谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性,根系氮同化能力强 [63]

根呼吸代谢途径Root respiratory pathway 氮素吸收利用率高的品种根系细胞色素氧化酶活性和呼吸代谢途径产能效率高 [64]
根系分泌物Root exudates 氮素吸收利用率高的水稻品种根系分泌物中的有机酸和氨基酸较少 [65-66]
根活力Root vigor 高产、高氮素吸收利用率的水稻品种具有较高的根系活力 [12,18-19]
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