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作物杂志,2022, 第3期: 1–8 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.03.001

• 专题综述 •    下一篇

我国农田氧化亚氮排放的时空特征及减排途径

严圣吉1,2(), 尚子吟1,2, 邓艾兴1, 张卫建1,2()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,100081,北京
    2中国农业科学院农业农村碳达峰碳中和研究中心,100081,北京
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-22 修回日期:2022-04-06 出版日期:2022-06-15 发布日期:2022-06-20
  • 通讯作者: 张卫建
  • 作者简介:严圣吉,主要从事作物耕作与农田生态研究,E-mail： 15690307667@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(绿肥,CARS-22);中国科学院学部咨询评议重点项目(2021-SM01-B-008);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(Y2021YJ02);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-XTCX2016008)

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Reduction Approaches of Farmland N2O Emission in China

Yan Shengji1,2(), Shang Ziyin1,2, Deng Aixing1, Zhang Weijian1,2()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture and Rural Region, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2022-01-22 Revised:2022-04-06 Online:2022-06-15 Published:2022-06-20
  • Contact: Zhang Weijian

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摘要：

氧化亚氮（N2O）是全球第三大温室气体,农田生态系统是人为N2O排放的重要来源,约占全球人为排放的30%。明确我国农田N2O的排放特征、关键过程与影响因子,有助于因地制宜制定减排技术途径及行动方案。氮肥施用是农田N2O排放的关键因子,国家统计数据发现,我国农田氮肥用量在2001-2007年呈上升趋势,之后趋于稳定,2014年开始下降,其中华东地区用量最高;农田N2O排放总量也于2015年达到最高点,之后出现下降态势,总体呈现南高北低的特征。文献综合表明,农田N2O排放主要由土壤反硝化过程主导,人为氮素添加是决定排放高低的首要影响因子。基于上述结果,在选用氮高效作物品种降低土壤N2O排放的前提下,华东等施肥量高的地区可采取优化施肥比例、增施缓控释肥等途径,实现氮肥增效减量减排;在设施农地和果园等田间设施条件较好的农田,可采用水肥一体化滴灌等增效减排措施;在作物多熟种植地区,除了氮肥减量减排外,还可增加豆科作物布局,采用禾豆轮作等减排措施。最后,对农田N2O减排的科技创新和政策创设等方面提出了一些建议,包括完善农田N2O减排理论、创新智慧农业及高效施肥技术、健全碳监测评价体系以及碳减排激励政策与机制等,助力尽早实现我国碳达峰与碳中和目标。

关键词: 作物生产, 气候变化, 氧化亚氮, 关键过程, 影响因素, 减排途径

Abstract:

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the world's third-most-polluting greenhouse gas, and the farming ecosystem is a major source of anthropogenic N2O emissions, accounting for roughly 30% of global anthropogenic N2O emissions. Clarifying the N2O emission characteristics of Chinese farms, as well as describing the key processes and main influencing factors, will aid in the exploration of technical emission reduction options and the development of an action plan. The main source of N2O emissions from cropland is nitrogen fertilizer application. According to national statistics, the amount of nitrogen fertiliser used in China grew from 2001 to 2007, then remained consistent until 2014, when it began to fall, with the highest application rate in East China. Cropland N2O emission in China peaked in 2015, and then gradually declined, the highest emission exiting in South and the lowest in North China. According to the literature analysis, this study further clarified that farmland N2O emissions were mainly dominated by soil denitrification process, and anthropogenic nitrogen addition was the first prominent factor to farmland N2O emissions. Based on the above findings, on the premise of selecting crop cultivars with nitrogen high efficiency and low soil N2O emission, this study put forward some targeted emission reduction approaches. In areas with high N application rate, for example, in East China the proportion of fertilizer could be adjusted and controlled releasing fertilizers could be applied. In areas with good facility in irrigation and fertilization, such as facility farmland and orchard, fertigation technique with drip irrigation could be adopted. In areas with multiple cropping, crop rotation with legume or green manure crops could be used to reduce N2O emission. Finally, some suggestions of scientific and technological innovations and policy making for N2O emission reduction were provided in this study, including innovations of N2O mitigation theory, smart technology of fertilization, carbon monitoring and evaluation system and carbon emission reduction incentive policies, so as to help achieve the national goal of carbon peak and carbon neutral as soon as possible.

Key words: Crop production, Climate change, N2O, Key processes, Influencing factors, Emission reduction approach

表1

N2O emission factors of different crop planting regions kg N2O-N/kg N输入量 kg N2O-N/kg N input

省（市、区）
Province (municipality and autonomous region)		 N2O排放因子
N2O emission factor		 范围
Range
内蒙古,新疆,甘肃,青海,西藏,陕西,山西,宁夏
Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia		 0.0056 0.0015~0.0085
黑龙江,吉林,辽宁
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning		 0.0114 0.0021~0.0258
北京,天津,河北,河南,山东
Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong		 0.0057 0.0014~0.0081
浙江,上海,江苏,安徽,江西,湖南,湖北,四川,重庆
Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing		 0.0109 0.0026~0.0220
广东,广西,海南,福建
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian		 0.0178 0.0046~0.0228
云南,贵州
Yunnan, Guizhou		 0.0106 0.0025~0.0218

图1

我国农田氮肥施用的时间（a）和空间（b）特征 地图来源于全国地理信息资源目录服务系统（https://www.webmap.cn/）,下同

图2

我国农田N2O排放的时间（a）和空间（b）特征

图3

土壤N2O排放的关键过程（a）和主要影响因素（b） AMO：氨单加氧酶,HAO：羟胺氧化还原酶,NXR：亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶,NR：硝酸盐还原酶,Nar/Nap：硝酸异化还原酶,NrfA：细胞色素C亚硝酸盐还原酶,NiRK：含铜的亚硝酸盐还原酶,NiRS：含有细胞色素cd1的亚硝酸盐还原酶,NOR：NO还原酶,NOS：N2O还原酶,“ ”表示正效应,“ ”表示负效应,“ ”表示正效应和负效应并存

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