秸秆还田年限及施磷水平对玉米根系生长和产量的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.02.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以先玉335为供试材料，采用两因素裂区设计，研究了不同秸秆还田年限[连续5年（5a）和1年（1a）秸秆全量深翻还田]及不同施磷水平[P₂O₅ 0（P0）、45（P45）、90（P90）、135（P135）和180 kg/hm²（P180）]对玉米根系构型、菌根侵染状况、植株干重、磷素积累量和产量的影响。结果表明，5a较1a明显优化了玉米根系形态，促进了根系生长、菌根侵染以及植株干物质和磷素积累，使产量提高1.94%~7.15%；磷肥水平影响玉米的生长发育，还影响菌根侵染密度（m%）、丛枝丰富度（a%）和根系丛枝丰富度（A%），并在P90处理后开始明显降低，表明当施磷水平较高时，会严重抑制AM真菌的侵染。拔节期玉米根系、茎秆、叶片的干重分别在P90、P90和P135时达到最大值，与其他施磷处理相比增幅分别为1.31%~15.07%、0.05%~25.07%和7.61%~22.42%；磷素积累量分别在P135、P90和P135时达到峰值，与其他施磷处理相比增幅分别为11.09%~ 95.51%、10.77%~77.39%和3.91%~29.28%。成熟期玉米茎秆、叶片和籽粒的干重分别在P90、P135和P90时达到最大值，与其他施磷处理相比增幅分别为0.18%~19.25%、5.79%~30.60%和0.90%~10.47%；磷素积累量分别在P135、P135和P90时达到峰值，与其他磷处理相比增幅分别为5.16%~54.70%、13.18%~77.22%和3.99%~56.75%。各施磷处理玉米产量均较P0显著增加，P135产量最高。综上，连续5年秸秆全量深翻还田配施磷135 kg/hm²时，能够促进植株生长，玉米具有更强的养分吸收能力，产量显著提高。

关键词: 玉米, 秸秆还田, 施磷量, 根系生长, 菌根侵染, 产量

Abstract:

Xianyu 335 was used as the test material in this experiment, and a two-factor split-plot design was used to study the effects of straw returning years [5 years (5a) and 1 year of total straw deep ploughing (1a)] and phosphorus application levels [P₂O₅ 0 (P0), 45 (P45), 90 (P90), 135 (P135) and 180 kg/ha (P180)] on root architecture, mycorrhizal colonization, plant dry weight, phosphorus accumulation and final yield of maize. The results showed that compared with 1a, 5a significantly optimized the root morphology of maize, promoted root growth, mycorrhizal infection and plant dry matter and phosphorus accumulation, and then increased the yield by 1.94%-7.15%. The level of phosphorus fertilizer affected the growth and development of maize, and also affected the mycorrhizal colonization density (m%), arbuscular richness (a%) and root arbuscular richness (A%), and these indexes began to decrease significantly after P90 treatment, indicating that when the phosphorus level was high, the infection of AM fungi would be seriously inhibited. The dry weights of roots, stalk and leaves of maize in jointing period reached the maximum at P90, P90 and P135, respectively, which increased by 1.31%-15.07%, 0.05%-25.07% and 7.61%-22.42% compared with other phosphorus treatments. The accumulation of phosphorus reached the peak at P135, P90 and P135, respectively, which increased by 11.09%-95.51%, 10.77%-77.39% and 3.91%-29.28% compared with other phosphorus treatments. The dry weight of stalk, leaves and grain of maize at mature period reached the maximum at P90, P135 and P90, respectively, and increased by 0.18%-19.25%, 5.79%-30.60% and 0.90%-10.47% compared with other phosphorus treatments. The accumulation of phosphorus reached the peak at P135, P135 and P90, which increased by 5.16%-54.70%, 13.18%-77.22% and 3.99%-56.75%, respectively, compared with other phosphorus treatments. Compared with P0, the maize yields of all P treatments increased significantly, and reached the highest at P135. In summary, when the total straw deep ploughing combined with 135 kg/ha phosphate fertilizer was applied for five consecutive years, maize had stronger nutrient absorption capacity, which could promote plant growth and significantly increase yield.

Key words: Maize, Straw returning, Phosphorus application rate, Root growth, Mycorrhizal colonization, Yield

胡昊驰, 王富贵, 朱孔艳, 胡树平, 王猛, 王志刚, 孙继颖, 于晓芳, 包海柱, 高聚林. 秸秆还田年限及施磷水平对玉米根系生长和产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2024 (2): 80–88

Hu Haochi, Wang Fugui, Zhu Kongyan, Hu Shuping, Wang Meng, Wang Zhigang, Sun Jiying, Yu Xiaofang, Bao Haizhu, Gao Julin. Effects of Straw Returning Years and Phosphorus Application on Root Growth and Yield of Maize[J]. Crops, 2024(2): 80–88

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变异来源 Sources of variation	F值F-value
变异来源 Sources of variation	总根长 Total root length	总根表面积 Total root surface area	总根体积 Total root volume	菌根侵染密度 (m%)	丛枝丰富度 (a%)	根系丛枝丰富度 (A%)
SRY	632.427^**	147.198^**	109.700^**	1228.415^**	121.868^**	1469.118^**
P	480.649^**	31.032^**	52.163^**	336.514^**	100.514^**	221.513^**
SRY×P	84.312^**	4.337^**	11.755^**	104.200^**	3.795^*	88.872^**

处理 Treatment		总根长 Total root length (mm)	总根表面积 Total root surface area (cm²)	总根体积 Total root volume (cm³)	菌根侵染密度 (m%)	丛枝丰富度 (a%)	根系丛枝丰富度 (A%)
1a	P0	1796.59f	542.71d	13.52f	24.70f	50.89c	13.88f
	P45	1910.12e	619.22c	17.14cd	27.03de	66.58b	16.31e
	P90	2912.27a	721.15b	17.49c	28.67d	69.90b	19.82c
	P135	2267.34d	627.02c	16.09de	13.27g	54.43c	6.18g
	P180	1804.64f	544.41d	15.92e	8.93h	40.44d	3.85h
5a	P0	1901.09e	654.25c	15.46e	28.13d	69.11b	18.39d
	P45	2530.34c	735.38b	19.24b	32.77c	75.33a	27.12a
	P90	2980.03a	781.57a	19.50b	52.50a	77.09a	26.05ab
	P135	2686.03b	816.50a	21.34a	35.77b	66.65b	25.67b
	P180	2665.45b	697.71b	16.46cde	25.93ef	49.54c	18.32d

变异来源 Sources of variation	F值F-value
变异来源 Sources of variation	根系干重 Root dry weight	根部磷素积累量 Phosphorus accumulation in roots
SRY	79.17^**	3854.82^**
P	25.69^**	514.43^**
SRY×P	6.10^**	111.17^**

指标 Index	部位 Position	拔节期Jointing stage			成熟期Mature stage
指标 Index	部位 Position	SRY	P	SRY×P	SRY	P	SRY×P
干重Dry weight	茎秆	171.09^**	43.54^**	9.18^**	492.12^**	64.92^**	8.31^**
	叶片	108.76^**	87.88^**	8.27^**	7.12^*	139.58^**	1.63
	籽粒	－	－	－	122.47^**	96.47^**	27.76^**
磷素积累量Phosphorus accumulation amount	茎秆	307.70^**	150.47^**	4.83^**	523.44^**	81.53^**	24.10^**
	叶片	254.74^**	70.11^**	7.80^**	120.42^**	178.63^**	8.84^**
	籽粒	－	－	－	513.66^**	508.33^**	121.69^**

变异来源 Sources of variation	F值F-value
变异来源 Sources of variation	穗粒数 Grains per ear	有效穗数 Effective panicles	百粒重 100-grain weight	产量 Yield
SRY	2.14	20.51^**	0.01	44.53^**
P	1.56	3.62^*	0.84	19.25^**
SRY×P	0.59	1.43	0.33	2.28