作物杂志,2023, 第5期: 204–211 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.05.029

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

垄作与覆膜对油菜产量及水分利用效率的影响

田效琴1,2,3(), 王丹1, 李卓1,2,3(), 刘永红1,2, 李伟4   

  1. 1四川省农业科学院作物研究所,610066,四川成都
    2南方丘区节水农业研究四川省重点实验室,610066,四川成都
    3粮油作物绿色种质创新与遗传改良四川省重点实验室,610066,四川成都
    4四川华标测检测技术有限公司,611731,四川成都
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-25 修回日期:2023-07-21 出版日期:2023-10-15 发布日期:2023-10-16
  • 通讯作者: 李卓,主要从事节水农业与油菜栽培研究,E-mail:lizhuo_2000@sina.com
  • 作者简介:田效琴,主要从事作物栽培及农业资源环境研究,E-mail:865257025@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    中央引导地方发展项目(2020ZYD029);四川省农业科学院院学科建设推进工程项目(2021XKJS007)

Effects of Ridge and Mulching on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Rapeseed

Tian Xiaoqin1,2,3(), Wang Dan1, Li Zhuo1,2,3(), Liu Yonghong1,2, Li Wei4   

  1. 1Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
    2Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of South China, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
    3Environment- Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
    4Sichuan Huabiao Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2022-03-25 Revised:2023-07-21 Online:2023-10-15 Published:2023-10-16

摘要:

为探索油菜节水抗旱、高产高效技术,设平作+不覆膜(CK)、平作+白膜膜侧播种(R0F1)、平作+白膜膜上播种(R0F2)、平作+黑膜膜上播种(R0F3)、垄作+不覆膜(R1F0)、垄作+白膜膜侧播种(R1F1)、垄作+白膜膜上播种(R1F2)和垄作+黑膜膜上播种(R1F3)8个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对土壤温湿度、油菜产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,白膜增温保墒效果显著,且R1F2处理显著提高了一次有效分枝数和角果数、主序角果数、每角粒数和千粒重,R1F1处理显著提高了主序角果数和千粒重。产量、水分利用效率和产值以R1F1和R1F2处理表现较优,水分利用效率分别为2.88和2.94kg/m3,较CK分别提高25.76%和28.38%;产量分别为3010.42和3088.54kg/hm2,较CK分别提高20.25%和23.37%;产值分别为18 062.50和18 531.20元/hm2,但R1F1处理纯利润最高,达6222.50元/hm2。综上,垄作膜侧播种可作为油菜节水抗旱、高产高效技术措施。

关键词: 油菜, 垄作, 地膜覆盖, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

In order to explore techniques for water-saving and drought-resistant, high-yield and high-efficiency of rapeseed, eight treatments of flat cropping+no film mulching (CK), flat cropping+sowing on the side of white film (R0F1), flat cropping+sowing on white film (R0F2), flat cropping+sowing on black film (R0F3), ridge cropping+no film mulching (R1F0), ridge cropping+sowing on the side of white film (R1F1), ridge cropping+ sowing on white film (R1F2) and ridge cropping+sowing on black film (R1F3) were set, and the effects of ridge cropping and mulching methods on soil temperature and humidity, yield and water use of rapeseed were studied. The results showed that, compared with CK, white film mulching could significantly improve the soil temperature and humidity, and R1F2 significantly increased effective primary branches and pods of primary branch, inflorescence pods, seeds per pod, 1000-grain weight and R1F1 treatment significantly increased inflorescence pods and 1000-grain weight. R1F1 and R1F2 treatments were the better treatments for yield, water use efficiency and output. Water use efficiency of R1F1 and R1F2 treatments were 2.88 and 2.94kg/m3, which were 25.76% and 28.38% higher than that of CK, and the yields were 3010.42 and 3088.54kg/ha, which were 20.25% and 23.37% higher than that of CK, respectively. The output values of R1F2 and R1F1 treatments were 18 062.50 and 18 531.20 yuan/ha, respectively, but R1F1 treatment had the highest net income, reaching 6222.50 yuan/ha. In conclusion, ridge cropping combined with sowing on the film side could be used as water saving and drought resistance, high yield and high efficiency technology for rapeseed.

Key words: Rapeseed, Ridge, Film mulching, Yield, Water use efficiency

表1

试验方案

处理
Treatment
具体措施
Specific measures
R0 秋季整地后不起垄,整个生育期内实行少耕
R1 于9月中旬人工起垄,垄宽60.00cm,垄高20.00cm,种植2行油菜,宽行间距50.00cm,窄行间距30.00cm
F0 生长期内不进行地膜覆盖
F1 用宽度50cm、厚度0.008mm的白色塑料地膜覆盖,膜两侧种植油菜
F2 用宽度80cm、厚度0.008mm的白色塑料地膜覆盖,膜上打洞种植油菜
F3 用宽度80cm、厚度0.008mm的黑色塑料地膜覆盖,膜上打洞种植油菜

图1

冬油菜起垄覆膜种植示意图

图2

油菜生育期不同处理下土壤温度变化 不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著,下同

图3

油菜生育期不同处理下土壤水分含量变化

表2

覆膜栽培对油菜农艺性状的影响

处理
Treatment
株高
Plant height (cm)
有效分枝高度
Effective branch
height (cm)
主序长度
Length of the main
inflorescence (cm)
一次有效分枝数
Effective primary branch number
有效角果数Effective pods 每果粒数
Seeds
per pod
千粒重
1000-seed
weight (g)
主序
Main inflorescence
一次分枝
Primary branch
CK 208.75a 112.65a 94.88a 5.31b 78.21b 140.29b 19.50b 4.25b
R0F1 223.27a 128.50a 96.50a 6.13ab 97.80ab 181.73ab 19.93ab 4.36ab
R0F2 217.80a 121.70a 98.56a 6.21ab 99.20ab 186.13ab 20.23ab 4.66a
R0F3 213.93a 114.00a 96.79a 5.80ab 94.67ab 179.64ab 19.80ab 4.29ab
R1F0 210.06a 115.00a 95.95a 5.50b 88.10b 169.70b 19.73ab 4.39ab
R1F1 214.95a 118.04a 96.93a 6.25ab 101.33a 184.75ab 20.33ab 4.51a
R1F2 216.18a 120.46a 99.25a 6.40a 103.21a 191.73a 20.57a 4.77a
R1F3 212.85a 117.25a 97.43a 5.93ab 97.20ab 180.53ab 20.13ab 4.41a

表3

不同覆膜栽培对油菜WUE及产量的影响

处理
Treatment
贮水量Soil water content (mm) 生育期耗水量
Water consumption (mm)
WUE (kg/m3) 产量
Yield(kg/hm2)
播前Before planting 收获After harvest
CK 58.93a 38.90a 109.43a 2.29b 2503.47b
R0F1 54.91a 40.81a 103.50a 2.62ab 2710.07ab
R0F2 58.59a 41.73a 106.26a 2.57ab 2732.64ab
R0F3 59.08a 42.65a 105.83a 2.51ab 2654.51ab
R1F0 57.54a 41.55a 105.39a 2.50ab 2630.21b
R1F1 57.93a 42.98a 104.35a 2.88a 3010.42a
R1F2 58.38a 42.78a 105.00a 2.94a 3088.54a
R1F3 57.40a 42.33a 104.47a 2.84a 2970.49a

表4

Effects of film mulching on economic benefits of rape 元/hm2 yuan/hm2

处理
Treatment
成本Input 产值
Output
纯利润
Net income
种子Seed 肥料Fertilizer 人工Labor 地膜Film
CK 1140.00 2100.00 6000.00 0.00 15 020.80 5780.80
R0F1 1140.00 2100.00 6750.00 650.00 16 260.40 5620.40
R0F2 1140.00 2100.00 7500.00 1020.00 16 395.80 4635.80
R0F3 1140.00 2100.00 7500.00 975.00 15 927.10 4212.10
R1F0 1140.00 2100.00 7200.00 0.00 15 781.30 5341.30
R1F1 1140.00 2100.00 7950.00 650.00 18 062.50 6222.50
R1F2 1140.00 2100.00 8700.00 1020.00 18 531.20 5571.20
R1F3 1140.00 2100.00 8700.00 975.00 17 822.90 4907.90
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