Crops ›› 2016, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 67-74.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.05.012

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Water-Saving Irrigation Techniques of Three Major Food Crops and Their Effects on Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency

Zhang Hao,Yang Jianchang   

  1. College of Agronomy/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,Jiangsu,China
  • Received:2016-05-18 Revised:2016-07-18 Online:2016-10-15 Published:2018-08-26
  • Contact: Jianchang Yang

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Abstract:

Three major food crops, rice, wheat and maize, were grown in field. Two treatments, conventional irrigation (control) and water-saving irrigation techniques, i.e., alternate wetting and moderate soil drying throughout the growing season in rice, controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat, and root partial and alternate irrigation in maize, were conducted. The effects of water-saving irrigation techniques on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of the three crops was investigated. The results showed that, compared with the control, the water-saving irrigation techniques increased grain yield by 8.56%~9.23% and water use efficiency by 25.00%~31.43%. The water-saving irrigation techniques significantly decreased transpiration rate and the angle of the top leaves, significantly increased the ratio of abscisic acid (ABA) to gibberellic acids (GA3) in inferior spikelets (ABA/GA3), activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in culms and sucrose synthase (SuS) in grains, average grain-filling rate, remobilization rate of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) in culms and harvest index of the three crops. The water-saving irrigation techniques could also significantly increase the percentage of productive tillers in rice and wheat. The results suggest that decreased luxurious transpiration and redundant growth of non-productive tillers, improved canopy structure, enhanced remobilization and sink activity, and increased harvest index would contribute to the increase in grain yield and WUE under the water-saving irrigation techniques.

Key words: Food crops, Water-saving irrigation, Grain yield, Water use efficiency

Table 1

Controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat"

土壤类型
Soil type		 越冬前Pre-winter 拔节期Jointing stage 孕穗期Booting stage 开花期Flowering stage
土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)		 土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)		 土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)		 土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)
粘土Clay -25 40 -35 40 -30 40 -35 40
壤土Loam -25 45 -35 45 -30 45 -35 45
砂土Sand -25 50 -35 50 -30 50 -35 50

Table 2

Root partial and alternate irrigation of controlled minimum soil moisture in maize"

土壤类型
Soil type		 出苗期（播种-3叶期）
Sprouting stage
(Sowing-3 leaf stage)		 苗期（3叶期-拔节）
Seeding stage
(3 leaf stage-Jointing)		 穗期(拔节-开花)
Panicle stage
(Jointing-Flowering)		 花粒期(开花-成熟）
Anthesis and kernel stage
(Flowering-Maturity)
土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)		 土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)		 土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)		 土壤水势
Soil water potential
(kPa)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
water
(mm)
粘土Clay -10 40 -35 40 -40 40 -40 40
壤土Loam -10 45 -35 45 -40 45 -40 45
砂土Sand -10 50 -35 50 -40 50 -40 50

Table 3

The effects of water-saving irrigation techniques on grain yield and water use efficiency"

地点/作物
Place/Crop		 灌溉方式
Irrigation regime		 产量(t/hm2)
Yield		 灌溉水量(mm)
Irrigation water		 降水量(mm)
Precipitation		 水分利用效率(kg/m3)
Water use efficiency
扬州Yangzhou
水稻Rice
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigation		 9.05
 660
 605
 0.72
轻干湿交替灌溉
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying		 9.78*
 485*
 605
 0.90*
小麦Wheat
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 7.69
 185
 380
 1.36
控制灌溉
Controlled soil drying irrigation		 8.52*
 145*
 380
 1.62*
玉米(夏) Maize (Summer)
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 9.02
 190
 345
 1.69
分区交替灌溉
Root partial and alternate irrigation		 9.75*
 100*
 345
 2.19*
连云港Lianyungang
水稻Rice
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigation		 8.67
 764
 507
 0.68
轻干湿交替灌溉
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying		 9.50*
 597*
 507
 0.86*
小麦Wheat
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 8.35
 255
 292
 1.52
控制灌溉
Controlled soil drying irrigation		 9.00*
 155*
 292
 1.98*
玉米(夏) Maize (Summer)
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 9.20
 230
 275
 1.81
分区交替灌溉
Root partial and alternate irrigation		 10.10*
 140*
 275
 2.41*

Table 4

The effects of water-saving irrigation techniques on photosynthesis,productive tillers and canopy leaf angle"

地点/作物
Place/Crop		 灌溉方式
Irrigation regime		 光合速率
Photosynthesis rate
[μmol/(m2·s)]		 蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
[mmol/(m2·s)]		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency
(mmol CO2/mol H2O)		 分蘖成穗率
Productive tillers
(%)		 叶片角度
Leaf angle
(°)
扬州Yangzhou
水稻Rice
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigation		 19.7
 7.72
 2.55
 64.80
 21.8
轻干湿交替灌溉
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying		 19.3
 5.41*
 3.57*
 82.30*
 17.7*
小麦Wheat
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 24.8
 6.63
 3.74
 43.50
 27.3
控制灌溉
Controlled soil drying irrigation		 24.2
 5.32*
 4.55*
 55.80*
 23.1*
玉米(夏)
Maize (Summer)		 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 37.5
 5.39
 6.96
 -
 47.5
分区交替灌溉
Root partial and alternate irrigation		 36.1
 3.68*
 9.81*
 -
 41.3*
连云港Lianyungang
水稻Rice
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigation		 22.9
 8.14
 2.79
 62.20
 23.6
轻干湿交替灌溉
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying		 22.3
 5.51*
 4.05*
 80.90*
 19.5*
小麦Wheat
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 26.0
 6.87
 3.78
 39.50
 28.3
控制灌溉
Controlled soil drying irrigation		 25.2
 5.46*
 4.61*
 51.40*
 23.7*
玉米(夏)
Maize (Summer)		 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 38.1
 5.45
 6.98
 -
 48.3
分区交替灌溉
Root partial and alternate irrigation		 36.9
 3.82*
 9.65*
 -
 43.7*

Table 5

The effects of moderate soil dry during grain-filling stage on hormone balance in inferior spikelets,activity of sucrose phosphate synthase in stem and sucrose synthase in grains,matter remobilization,harvest index"

地点/作物
Place/ Crop		 灌溉方式
Irrigation regime		 ABA/
GA3		 SPS(%)
Sucrose phosphate synthase activity		 SuS[nmol/(mg Pro·min)]
Sucrose synthase activity		 平均灌浆速率
[mg/(grain·d)]
Mean grain-filling rate		 物质运转率(%)
Matter remobilization		 收获指数
Harvest index
扬州Yangzhou
水稻Rice
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigation		 0.16
 65.9
 36.4
 0.541
 61.8
 0.466
轻干湿交替灌溉
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying		 0.44*
 83.2*
 54.5*
 0.605*
 79.3*
 0.514*
小麦Wheat
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 0.41
 69.4
 41.8
 0.831
 65.9
 0.404
控制灌溉
Controlled soil drying irrigation		 0.77*
 89.3*
 62.7*
 0.953*
 81.4*
 0.442*
玉米(夏)
Maize (Summer)		 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 0.45
 54.2
 30.1
 5.856
 53.7
 0.419
分区交替灌溉
Root partial and alternate irrigation		 0.86*
 77.2*
 53.8*
 6.724*
 67.2*
 0.452*
连云港Lianyungang
水稻Rice
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigation		 0.18
 69.1
 35.0
 0.55
 63.2
 0.464
轻干湿交替灌溉
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying		 0.46*
 86.0*
 53.3*
 0.62*
 78.3*
 0.512*
小麦Wheat
 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 0.37
 68.4
 43.2
 0.82
 67.5
 0.408
控制灌溉
Controlled soil drying irrigation		 0.75*
 91.3*
 63.7*
 0.93*
 83.6*
 0.448*
玉米(夏)
Maize (Summer)		 常规灌溉
Conventional irrigatio		 0.47
 52.8
 29.5
 5.79
 54.9
 0.425
分区交替灌溉
Root partial and alternate irrigation		 0.88*
 76.2*
 55.2*
 6.64*
 70.6*
 0.460*
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