秸秆还田下减氮对土壤养分、酶活性和冬小麦产量的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.04.030

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索豫东地区冬小麦减量施氮潜力，通过连续3年定位试验，研究了秸秆还田下减量配施氮肥对土壤养分、酶活性和小麦产量的影响。结果表明，与秸秆移除下施全氮相比，秸秆还田下减量施氮有利于土壤有机质含量增加，其中氮肥减量20%和减量40%的处理能显著提高土壤有机质含量。减量施氮对土壤全氮和有效磷含量无显著影响；秸秆还田能提高土壤速效钾含量，但氮肥减量20%和减量40%处理土壤速效钾含量增加幅度较小，约为6.5%，除两者外，其余处理均与秸秆移除处理存在显著性差异。秸秆还田对土壤pH有一定正效应，能减缓土壤酸化程度，但差异未达到显著水平；秸秆还田下配施氮肥能增加土壤过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性，且减量施氮更利于土壤酶活性的提升。秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤脲酶活性无显著影响；秸秆还田下减氮20%和减氮40%处理产量均处于较高水平，且穗粒数、千粒重与全量氮肥处理相比无显著差异，减氮40%处理的穗数也处于最高水平，但与其他处理差异不显著。可见减氮40%（180kg/hm²）并结合秸秆还田可获得较高产量。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 减量施氮, 土壤养分, 酶活性, 产量

Abstract:

In order to explore the potential of nitrogen reduction in winter wheat planting in eastern Henan province, the effects of straw returning and reducing nitrogen application on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and yield by three-year field experiment were studied. The results showed that compared with the total nitrogen treatment with straw removal, the reducing nitrogen application under straw returning was beneficial to the increase of soil organic matter content. The reduction of nitrogen application with 20% and 40% could significantly increase the soil organic matter content. Reducing nitrogen application had no significant effect on the contents of soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus. The straw returning could increase the content of soil available potassium, the increase range of soil available potassium was about 6.5% under 20% and 40% reduction nitrogen application treatments, respectively, except the two treatments, the other treatments had significant differences with the straw removal treatment. There were certain positive effects with straw returning on soil pH, and straw returning could be slowed down the degree of soil acidification, but it was not significant. Straw returning and nitrogen application could increase the soil catalase, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase activities, and reducing nitrogen application was more beneficial to the increase of soil enzyme activity. There was no significant effect on soil urease activity by straw returning and reducing nitrogen application. The yields of the 20% and 40% reduction in nitrogen application treatments were at a high level, and there was no significant difference in grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight with total nitrogen application treatment. The spike number of the 40% reduction nitrogen application treatment was the highest, but there was no significant difference with other treatments. In conclusion, the 40% reduction nitrogen application (180kg/ha) with straw returning to field still had high yield.

Key words: Straw returning, Reducing nitrogen application, Soil nutrients, Enzyme activities, Yield

刘红杰, 任德超, 倪永静, 葛君, 张素瑜, 吕国华, 胡新. 秸秆还田下减氮对土壤养分、酶活性和冬小麦产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2023 (4): 210–214

Liu Hongjie, Ren Dechao, Ni Yongjing, Ge Jun, Zhang Suyu, Lü Guohua, Hu Xin. Effects of Straw Returning and Reducing Nitrogen Application on Soil Nutrients, Enzyme Activities and Wheat Yield[J]. Crops, 2023(4): 210–214

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处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (g/kg)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg/kg)	pH
T1	19.32±0.68bc	1.10±0.05b	43.35±2.12c	234.64±15.25a	7.52±0.26a
T2	19.36±1.12bc	1.11±1.11b	44.30±0.69bc	217.90±14.16ab	7.67±0.31a
T3	21.16±0.95ab	1.13±1.13b	45.85±1.33bc	202.55±13.37bc	7.51±0.23a
T4	21.80±1.09a	1.17±0.08ab	48.06±1.63a	201.90±8.98bc	7.42±0.15a
T5	20.79±1.25abc	1.31±1.31a	47.40±1.13a	229.57±10.82a	7.19±0.29ab
T6	18.86±0.87c	1.24±1.24ab	46.07±2.40abc	189.58±12.15c	6.95±0.32b

处理 Treatment	过氧化氢酶 Catalase [mg/(g·20min)]	脲酶 Urease [mg/(g·h)]	碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase [mg/(g·h)]	蔗糖酶 Sucrase [mg/(g·h)]
T1	3.55±0.18a	11.44±0.71a	0.26±0.01bc	0.48±0.02c
T2	3.47±0.14a	11.52±0.40a	0.33±0.01a	0.57±0.05ab
T3	3.11±0.07b	11.67±0.29a	0.34±0.01a	0.60±0.02a
T4	3.02±0.16bc	11.58±0.75a	0.28±0.02b	0.58±0.02ab
T5	2.63±0.09d	11.49±0.44a	0.24±0.02c	0.53±0.02bc
T6	2.84±0.10cd	11.87±0.77a	0.20±0.01d	0.50±0.03c

处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴/hm²)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
T1	33.80±1.89a	508.00±23.37d	45.37±1.09a	6974.64±313.86c
T2	28.37±1.96c	659.20±16.22ab	45.14±1.81a	7535.97±218.54bc
T3	30.37±1.06bc	706.90±46.66a	43.48±2.34a	8032.50±409.66ab
T4	31.87±1.10ab	602.85±8.65bc	45.92±1.57a	8197.74±323.81a
T5	32.70±1.64ab	599.06±23.66bc	44.38±1.07a	7753.55±269.62ab
T6	32.86±2.14ab	567.94±35.25c	45.73±1.55a	7413.59±380.32bc