施氮量和种植密度对海岛棉冠层结构和光合特性的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.03.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确新疆阿瓦提县机采海岛棉种植密度与氮肥施用量间的最佳平衡配比，以“新78”为材料，在66 cm+10 cm种植模式下，主区设20×10⁴（D20）、24×10⁴（D24）和28×10⁴株/hm²（D28）3个种植密度，副区设0（N0）、160（N1）、320（N2）、480 kg/hm²（N3）4个施氮量，研究不同处理下机采海岛棉冠层结构、叶片光合特性及产量、品质变化。结果表明，当种植密度为D24，施氮量为N2时，籽棉产量最高，为6337.17 kg/hm²，较同密度下N0、N1和N3处理分别增产37.23%、21.00%和12.06%，与N0处理差异显著。同一种植密度下，随着施氮量增加，海岛棉叶面积指数、叶倾角、相对叶绿素含量呈上升趋势，当施氮量过多时，叶倾角下降，表现为N2>N3>N1>N0。叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和棉纤维上半部平均长度随施氮量的增加而增加，而籽棉产量、整齐度和断裂比强度随着施氮量的增加呈现先增后减的趋势。同一施氮量下，海岛棉叶面积指数的下降速度随种植密度的增大而加快；叶倾角、籽棉产量、海岛棉纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度随种植密度的增大呈现先升后降的变化趋势；平均单铃重与单株铃数随种植密度的增加均降低。综上，建议新疆阿瓦提县种植机采海岛棉新78在66 cm+10 cm种植模式下，种植密度为24×10⁴株/hm²，施氮量为320 kg/hm²。

关键词: 海岛棉, 冠层结构, 光合特性, 施氮量, 种植密度

Abstract:

In order to determine the optimal balance ratio between planting density and nitrogen application rate of machine-harvested sea island cotton in Awati County, Xinjiang, three planting densities were set up in the main-plots under the 66 cm+10 cm planting pattern using “Xin 78” as the material. There were 20×10⁴ (D20), 24×10⁴ (D24) and 28×10⁴ plants/ha (D28), and four nitrogen application rates were set up in the sub-plots, namely, 0 (N0), 160 (N1), 320 (N2) and 480 kg/ha (N3). The effects of these treatments on canopy structure, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of sea island cotton were evaluated. The results showed that when the planting density was D24 and the nitrogen rate was N2, the seed cotton yield of sea island cotton was the highest (6337.17 kg/ha), which was 37.23%, 21.00% and 12.06% higher than that of N0, N1 and N3 treatments, and was significant difference from N0. Under the same planting density, the leaf area index (LAI), mean leaf angle and relative chlorophyll content of sea island cotton increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and the mean leaf angle decreased when the nitrogen application rate was too high, which showed N2 > N3 > N1 > N0. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and average fiber length of upper half increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the yield, uniformity and break ratio strength of seed cotton increased first and then decreased. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the decrease rate of LAI of sea island cotton increased with the increase of planting density. The mean leaf angle, seed cotton yield, the average fiber length of upper half and the breaking strength showed a trend of “first increasing and then decreasing” with the increase of planting density. The average boll weight per plant and boll number per plant decreased with the increase of planting density. In conclusion, it is recommended that planting the machine- harvested sea island cotton Xin 78 in Awati County, southern Xinjiang under the planting mode of 66 cm+10 cm, the planting density should be 24×10⁴ plants/ha and the nitrogen application rate should be 320 kg/ha.

Key words: Sea island cotton, Canopy structure, Photosynthetic characteristics, Nitrogen application rate, Planting density

王丽, 张承洁, 胡浩然, 宁丽云, 吴一帆, 郭仁松, 张巨松. 施氮量和种植密度对海岛棉冠层结构和光合特性的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2025 (3): 116–124

Wang Li, Zhang Chengjie, Hu Haoran, Ning Liyun, Wu Yifan, Guo Rensong, Zhang Jusong. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Planting Density on Canopy Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Sea Island Cotton[J]. Crops, 2025(3): 116–124

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土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	碱解氮 Available N (mg/kg)	有效磷 Available P (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available K (mg/kg)
0~20	9.172	0.542	45.090	19.406	112.367
20~40	6.638	0.380	29.971	19.256	161.923
40~60	4.658	0.383	20.066	8.843	196.770
平均值 Average	6.823	0.435	31.705	15.835	157.020

处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥日期（月-日）Topdressing date (month-day)										总量 Total
处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer	06-15	06-20	06-27	07-04	07-11	07-18	07-26	08-02	08-13	08-21	总量 Total
N0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N1	0	0	0	8	16	32	48	32	16	8	0	160
N2	64	0	12.8	25.6	38.4	51.2	51.2	38.4	25.6	12.8	0	320
N3	96	0	38.4	38.4	57.6	57.6	57.6	57.6	38.4	38.4	0	480

种植密度 Planting density	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate (kg/hm²)	收获株数（万株/hm²） Number of plants harvested (×10⁴ plants/hm²)	单株结铃数 Bell number per plant	单铃重 Single bell weight (g)	衣分 Lint percentage (%)	籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg/hm²)	皮棉产量 Lint cotton yield (kg/hm²)
D20	N0	17.81c	8.29cde	2.96a	33.94ab	4410.13d	1493.14cd
	N1	18.08c	8.90abcd	3.17a	33.99a	5105.85bcd	1737.58bcd
	N2	18.01c	10.27a	3.03a	33.07abc	5609.19abc	1857.32abcd
	N3	17.95c	9.86ab	3.08a	33.35abc	5467.91abcd	1822.17abcd
D24	N0	22.33b	7.91cde	2.62bc	33.48abc	4617.89cd	1542.42cd
	N1	22.47b	7.60de	3.08a	33.11abc	5237.51abcd	1735.25bcd
	N2	22.27b	9.26abc	3.07a	33.70ab	6337.17a	2145.50a
	N3	22.40b	8.35bcde	3.03a	33.25abc	5655.41abc	1881.20abc
D28	N0	24.97a	7.51de	2.46c	32.01bc	4598.71cd	1473.33d
	N1	24.22a	7.32e	2.99a	31.70c	5278.54abcd	1672.56cd
	N2	24.56a	8.52bcde	2.98a	33.23abc	6242.89ab	2074.55ab
	N3	24.43a	8.46bcde	2.92ab	34.33a	6045.35ab	2080.52ab
施氮量 (N)		ns	**	**	ns	**	**
种植密度 (D)		*	**	*	ns	ns	ns
施氮量×种植密度 (D×N)		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

种植密度 Planting density	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	上半部平均长度 Average length of upper half (mm)	整齐度 Uniformity (%)	断裂比强度 Specific strength at break (CN/tex)	伸长率 Elongation (%)	马克隆值 Micron value	纺织参数 Textile parameters
D20	N0	39.27ab	90.07ab	47.90a	7.93a	4.03a	238.00abc
	N1	39.60ab	90.77ab	48.23a	8.33a	4.30a	238.00abc
	N2	39.80a	91.30ab	48.57a	8.37a	4.07a	238.67abc
	N3	40.00a	90.17ab	47.83a	8.77a	4.08a	251.00a
D24	N0	37.77ab	89.83ab	44.50ab	7.67a	4.17a	220.33cd
	N1	39.37ab	90.47ab	46.17ab	7.80a	3.80a	238.00abc
	N2	39.47ab	91.33ab	46.77ab	8.43a	4.13a	234.67abc
	N3	39.87a	90.80ab	44.97ab	8.43a	4.20a	229.33bcd
D28	N0	37.37b	89.13b	42.67b	8.40a	4.23a	210.67d
	N1	38.83ab	90.90ab	45.17ab	8.47a	4.30a	227.33cd
	N2	39.03ab	91.83a	46.63ab	8.37a	4.03a	249.33ab
	N3	38.93ab	91.60a	44.60ab	8.67a	4.27a	238.00abc
施氮量（N）		**	ns	*	*	ns	*
种植密度（D）		*	ns	**	ns	ns	ns
施氮量×种植密度（D×N）		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns