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作物杂志,2019, 第1期: 1–8 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2019.01.001

所属专题： 玉米专题

• 专题综述 •    下一篇

促进玉米子粒脱水的农艺措施研究进展

张翼飞,于崧,王玉凤,杨克军,郭庄园,李瑶,孙逸珊,贾文宝,张亚凤   

  1. 黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院/黑龙江省现代农业栽培技术与作物种质改良重点实验室,163319,黑龙江大庆
  • 收稿日期:2018-08-01 修回日期:2018-12-21 出版日期:2019-02-15 发布日期:2019-02-01
  • 通讯作者: 杨克军
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300302-04);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300101-07);黑龙江省农垦总局科技攻关项目(HNK125B-06-01);黑龙江省农垦总局科技攻关项目(HNK135-02-03);高校学成、引进人才科研启动计划课题(XYB2014-03);黑龙江省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(201610223068)

Research Progress on Agronomic Practice for Grain Moisture Loss of Maize

Yifei Zhang,Song Yu,Yufeng Wang,Kejun Yang,Zhuangyuan Guo,Yao Li,Yishan Sun,Wenbao Jia,Yafeng Zhang   

  1. College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2018-08-01 Revised:2018-12-21 Online:2019-02-15 Published:2019-02-01
  • Contact: Kejun Yang

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摘要：

作为我国玉米的主要产品类型,子粒用玉米收获时含水率是决定玉米子粒机械化直收质量、储藏安全和经济效益的关键因素,收获期子粒含水率高已经成为制约我国机械化粒收技术大面积推广应用、影响玉米及其制品质量与安全生产、限制玉米产业提质增效发展的重要经济与技术问题。对国内外促进玉米子粒脱水的农艺措施相关研究进行总结与分析,认为未来玉米全程机械化生产过程中,在选用适宜子粒机械化直收优良品种的前提下,应结合各区域不同熟期品种的精细化布局,通过不断改进种植模式、优化养分和水分精准运筹方式,创新适时冠层结构调控措施,研发高效促脱水化学调控产品等关键栽培技术途径,建立生育后期子粒灌浆和脱水动力学协同关系,营造通透群体微区环境,加速子粒水分散失;收获时间调节方面,除了依据不同品种生理成熟前后的子粒脱水动力学进程、种植规模、市场供需格局和农机调度管理等因素外,还应充分考虑田间倒伏、落穗、穗腐、虫害及野生动物破坏导致的产量损失;此外,应加强与关键技术措施相配套的轻简化农机装备的有效研制,将农艺农机深度融合,进一步推动玉米子粒机械化直收技术应用,促进我国玉米及其制品质量与安全,提升玉米生产竞争力,实现玉米产业可持续发展。

关键词: 玉米, 子粒, 高效脱水, 农艺措施

Abstract:

Grain maize is the main maize product in China, its grain moisture content in harvest period is a key factor determining the quality of mechanical grain harvesting, storage safety and economic benefits. High grain moisture content in harvest period has become an important economic and technical problem that restrict the large area demonstration, popularization and application of mechanical grain direct harvesting technology in China, detrimental effect on quality and safety of maize and its products, hinder the high quality and efficiency development of maize industry. In this paper, studies related agronomic practice for grain moisture loss of maize in China and abroad were summarized and analyzed. For the whole mechanized production process of maize in future, on the premise of selecting suitable varieties for grain mechanized direct harvesting, combined the precise distribution of varieties with different ripening stages, we should improve related key cultivation techniques. These include modified planting patterns, optimized precise methods for nutrient and water management, innovative measure for timely canopy structure regulation, and highly effective chemical regulation products for grain dehydration to coordinate the synergistic relationship between grain filling and dehydration kinetics, constructing well ventilated and high light efficiency population micro-area environment, accelerating grain moisture loss during later growth development period. In terms of harvesting time adjustment, besides the factors of grain dehydration dynamics process for different varieties before and after physiological maturation, planting scale, market supply and demand pattern, agricultural machinery dispatching management and so on, the yield losses caused by lodging, ear shedding, ear rot, pests and wildlife destruction in field should also be fully considered. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the effective manufacture of light and simplified agricultural machinery equipment matched with key technical measures, promote deep integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery, and ultimately help to accelerate grain mechanized direct harvesting technology application to ensure the quality, safety, the competitiveness and the sustainability of maize industry in China.

Key words: Maize, Grain, High efficiency moisture loss, Agronomic practice

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