高密度种植下氮肥对玉米根系生长及氮代谢的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以玉米品种先玉335为材料，设置常规密度处理6.75×10⁴株/hm²（D1）和高密度处理8.25×10⁴株/hm²（D2），以及5个施氮水平（0、160、220、280和340 kg/hm²），分析高密种植下施氮对玉米产量、根系生长分布及氮代谢的影响。结果表明，籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先增后减的趋势，D2处理下产量显著高于D1处理，高密度种植和优化施氮量（160~220 kg/hm²）的组合较常规管理增产39.1%~51.8%。优化密氮组合可增加根长、根长密度、根表面积、根体积和比根长，并提高根系谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性，且2种酶活性与根系生长分布呈显著正相关。综上，推荐种植密度为8.25×10⁴株/hm²时施纯氮160~220 kg/hm²，该组合通过增强氮代谢酶活性，促进根系生长，增加土壤养分吸收，进而提高玉米产量，可作为陕西关中玉米高产种植模式。

关键词: 玉米, 根系, 密度, 氮肥, 氮代谢, 产量

Abstract:

The effects of nitrogen (N) application on maize yield, root distribution, and N metabolism were analyzed under high-density planting by using the maize cultivar Xianyu 335 as material, setting up a conventional density treatment of 6.75×10⁴ plants/ha (D1) and a high-density treatment of 8.25×10⁴ plants/ha (D2), and applying N at five rates (0, 160, 220, 280, and 340 kg N/ha) per density treatment. The results indicated that with the increasing of N application rate, the maize yield showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. The yield of D2 treatment was significantly higher than that of D1 treatment and the combination of high-density planting and optimized N application (160-220 kg N/ha) increased the yield by 39.1%-51.8% compared to conventional management. The optimized combination of N rates and planting densities increased root length, root length density, root surface area, root volume, specific root length, as well as the activities of glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase in roots. The two enzyme activities were positively correlated with root growth distribution. In conclusion, an application of 160-220 kg/ha of N at a planting density of 8.25×10⁴ plants/ha is recommended. This combination enhances nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, promotes root growth, and increases soil nutrient uptake, thereby improving maize yield. This can serve as a high-yield maize planting model for the Guanzhong region of Shaanxi.

Key words: Maize, Root system, Density, Nitrogen fertilizer, Nitrogen metabolism, Yield

周文丽, 郝淼艺, 张仁和. 高密度种植下氮肥对玉米根系生长及氮代谢的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2026 (1): 125–132

Zhou Wenli, Hao Miaoyi, Zhang Renhe. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Root Growth and Nitrogen Metabolism under High-Density Planting[J]. Crops, 2026(1): 125–132

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年份 Year	密度处理 Density treatment	氮肥处理 N treatment (kg/hm²)	穗数 Ear number (×10⁴ plants/hm²)	穗粒数 Kernel number per ear	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	出籽率 Kernel percentage (%)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (×10⁴kg/hm²)
2021	D1	N0	6.72c	470.08a	31.05c	0.79bc	0.78c
		N1	6.78c	476.95a	35.40bc	0.82ab	0.94abc
		N2	6.56c	539.09a	39.89ab	0.76c	1.07ab
		N3	6.17c	496.80a	36.09bc	0.82ab	0.90bc
		N4	6.22c	517.39a	32.86c	0.80ab	0.84b
	D2	N0	7.17ab	486.21a	38.27ab	0.82ab	1.09a
		N1	7.50a	552.21a	40.39a	0.82ab	1.25a
		N2	5.94c	502.00a	37.44abc	0.84a	1.03abc
		N3	6.39c	491.84a	37.07abc	0.81ab	0.95abc
		N4	7.22ab	476.35a	33.59bc	0.80ab	0.93bc
F值F value	密度	*	ns	*	*	**
	施氮量	*	ns	*	ns	**
	密度×施氮量	ns	ns	ns	*	ns
2022	D1	N0	5.87bc	404.57de	33.76ab	0.70ab	0.79c
		N1	5.60c	484.40bc	35.39a	0.79ab	0.96bc
		N2	5.92bc	488.17bc	34.83ab	0.78ab	1.00bc
		N3	5.17c	460.60bcd	34.96ab	0.74ab	0.82c
		N4	5.87bc	441.20cde	35.38a	0.71ab	0.92bc
	D2	N0	7.57a	399.27e	33.90ab	0.77ab	1.01abc
		N1	6.99a	423.21de	35.37a	0.82a	1.04abc
		N2	7.47a	501.50a	33.64ab	0.75ab	1.25a
		N3	6.88ab	480.77bc	33.04ab	0.65b	1.09ab
		N4	7.31a	398.90e	30.80b	0.80ab	0.90bc
F值F value	密度	**	ns	ns	*	*
	施氮量	ns	**	ns	ns	*
	密度×施氮量	ns	*	ns	*	ns

指标Index	RIA	RRA	MRIW	MRRW	RA	RW	RSA	RV	RL	RLD	SRL	RSR	NR	GS	GOGAT	GY
RIA	1.000
RRA	0.809^**	1.000
MRIW	0.708^**	0.734^**	1.000
MRRW	0.295^*	0.194	0.306^*	1.000
RA	0.148	-0.452^**	-0.127	0.121	1.000
RW	0.330^*	0.473^**	0.609^**	-0.551^**	-0.261^*	1.000
RSA	0.582^**	0.506^**	0.529^**	0.136	0.063	0.325^*	1.000
RV	0.372^**	0.212	0.270^*	0.006	0.236	0.209	0.806^**	1.000
RL	0.600^**	0.547^**	0.596^**	0.212	0.029	0.340^**	0.767^**	0.560^**	1.000
RLD	0.583^**	0.528^**	0.591^**	0.193	0.028	0.359^**	0.692^**	0.524^**	0.969^**	1.000
SRL	0.290^*	0.319^*	0.358^**	0.209	-0.069	0.161	0.637^**	0.460^**	0.803^**	0.761^**	1.000
RSR	0.690^**	0.704^**	0.681^**	0.267^*	-0.113	0.362^**	0.600^**	0.360^**	0.657^**	0.627^**	0.266^*	1.000
NR	0.163	0.157	0.075	-0.122	-0.030	0.153	0.410^**	0.242	0.323^*	0.233	0.312^*	0.122	1.000
GS	-0.105	-0.095	0.008	-0.203	0.002	0.175	0.028	0.124	0.087	0.125	0.153	-0.088	0.064	1.000
GOGAT	0.485^**	0.368^**	0.504^**	0.287^*	0.127	0.191	0.676^**	0.563^**	0.741^**	0.718^**	0.655^**	0.521^**	0.498^**	0.142	1.000
GY	0.198	0.183	0.331^**	0.053	-0.007	0.221	0.163	0.177	0.356^**	0.425^**	0.142	0.274^*	-0.005	0.348^**	0.395^**	1.000