Crops ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 208-214.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.05.030

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Research on the Regional Characteristics of Contents of Free Amino Acids in Flue-Cured Tobacco Based on Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis

Jia Guotao1(), Zhang Junling1, Wei Zhuangzhuang1, Yuan Qishan1, Wang Baolin1, Wang Xiaoyu2, Ma Shengtao1, Yang Xinling1, Zhang Ziying1, Zhang Shiying1, Jia Shiwei1, Chen Yang1(), Liu Huimin2()   

  1. 1China Tobacco Henan Industry Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
    2Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
  • Received:2021-07-12 Revised:2021-10-27 Online:2022-10-15 Published:2022-10-19

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Abstract:

A total of 168 tobacco samples from 56 areas in 17 provinces were taken as materials, the differences and correlations of free amino acids in flue-cured tobacco were analyzed, and the regional characteristics of free amino acids were studied by factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that, the mean total free amino acid was 12 054.52μg/g, ranging from 7559.54 to 23 460.83μg/g, with the highest content of Pro. Most of the free amino acids in flue-cured tobacco had significant correlations, but Val, Ser, Cys and Met were not significantly correlated. Variance contribution rate (58.74%) of factor 1 was higher than 50%, so it was considered that Thr, Asn, Glu, Gln, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Trp and Arg were the characteristic free amino acids of flue-cured tobacco. The samples from 56 regions were divided to three groups by cluster analysis. The first group was dominated by fragrant-scented producing areas, with an average value of 12 861.4μg/g; the second group was dominated by intermediate-scented producing areas, the average value was 10 712.02μg/g; the third group includes Luohe and Pingdingshan producing areas, and the average value was 22 509.41μg/g. There were significant differences in the total amount of free amino acids in flue-cured tobacco among the three groups.

Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, Free amino acid, Correlation, Factor analysis, Cluster analysis

Table 1

Origin information of flue-cured tobacco materials"

编号
Number		 产地
Origin		 编号
Number		 产地
Origin		 编号
Number		 产地
Origin
N01 云南玉溪 N20 重庆武隆 N39 河南许昌
N02 云南昆明 N21 湖北恩施 N40 河南平顶山
N03 云南大理 N22 湖北宜昌 N41 河南漯河
N04 云南曲靖 N23 湖北襄阳 N42 河南驻马店
N05 云南红河 N24 湖南郴州 N43 河南南阳
N06 云南普洱 N25 湖南永州 N44 河南洛阳
N07 云南文山 N26 湖南湘西 N45 河南三门峡
N08 云南保山 N27 湖南长沙 N46 陕西安康
N09 云南临沧 N28 湖南邵阳 N47 陕西商洛
N10 云南昭通 N29 广东韶关 N48 陕西汉中
N11 四川凉山 N30 广西百色 N49 陕西宝鸡
N12 四川泸州 N31 广西贺州 N50 陕西延安
N13 四川宜宾 N32 安徽宣城 N51 山东潍坊
N14 贵州黔西南 N33 江西赣州 N52 山东临沂
N15 贵州遵义 N34 江西抚州 N53 辽宁丹东
N16 贵州毕节 N35 江西吉安 N54 吉林长春
N17 贵州黔南 N36 福建三明 N55 黑龙江牡丹江
N18 贵州铜仁 N37 福建龙岩 N56 黑龙江哈尔滨
N19 重庆巫山 N38 福建南平

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of free amino acid contents in flue-cured tobacco"

指标
Index		 均值
Average (μg/g)		 范围
Range (μg/g)		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV (%)
Asp 210.37 94.88~651.07 95.60 45.44
Thr 48.51 22.26~124.80 17.67 36.42
Ser 299.90 200.74~501.82 64.87 21.63
Asn 777.29 284.67~4062.87 590.29 75.94
Glu 189.25 91.91~682.77 96.67 51.08
Gln 532.25 129.34~2055.97 321.40 60.38
Gly 23.90 13.16~42.08 6.14 25.69
Ala 498.92 330.52~735.05 86.48 17.33
Val 416.42 309.54~563.13 55.61 13.35
Cys 64.42 35.93~166.37 23.29 36.15
Met 4.49 1.70~12.93 2.17 48.33
Ile 6.47 3.42~11.54 1.83 28.34
Leu 13.31 6.73~36.50 5.48 41.16
Tyr 49.44 22.90~122.39 16.16 32.68
Phe 135.06 65.12~647.80 84.91 62.87
4-Gaba 152.44 62.77~327.51 56.85 37.29
Lys 23.73 10.01~109.39 15.20 64.04
His 99.00 39.23~369.80 50.67 51.18
Trp 138.54 30.36~478.09 67.97 49.06
Arg 28.54 9.55~92.56 12.79 44.82
Pro 8342.26 4856.57~14 718.19 1942.49 23.28
总量Total 12 054.52 7559.54~23 460.83 2906.63 24.11

Fig.1

Correlation analysis of free amino acids in flue-cured tobacco “*”,“**”and“***”indicate significant correlation at the levels of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively"

Fig.2

Heatmap analysis of free amino acid content in flue-cured tobacco in different regions"

Table 3

Eigenvalue and variance contribution rate of principal component analysis"

因子
Factor		 特征值
Eigenvalue		 贡献率
Contribution (%)		 累积贡献率
Cumulative contribution (%)
1 12.34 58.74 58.74
2 2.33 11.09 69.83
3 1.43 6.81 76.65
4 1.18 5.63 82.27
5 0.95 4.54 86.81
6 0.72 3.45 90.26
7 0.63 2.98 93.24
8 0.34 1.62 94.86
9 0.27 1.30 96.16
10 0.18 0.85 97.01
11 0.14 0.66 97.67
12 0.11 0.52 98.19
13 0.09 0.45 98.64
14 0.07 0.34 98.97
15 0.06 0.28 99.25
16 0.04 0.21 99.46
17 0.03 0.16 99.62
18 0.03 0.15 99.77
19 0.02 0.11 99.87
20 0.02 0.08 99.95
21 0.01 0.05 100.00

Table 4

Load matrix of principal component analysis"

指标
Index		 载荷向量Load vector 特征向量Feature vector
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Asp 0.48 0.50 0.05 -0.25 -0.34 0.14 0.33 0.04 -0.23 -0.35
Thr 0.93 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.03 0.26 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.04
Ser 0.02 0.44 0.78 0.12 0.29 0.01 0.29 0.65 0.11 0.30
Asn 0.93 -0.01 -0.03 -0.23 -0.12 0.27 -0.01 -0.03 -0.21 -0.12
Glu 0.89 -0.01 0.05 0.02 -0.31 0.25 0.00 0.04 0.02 -0.31
Gln 0.95 0.01 0.14 -0.04 0.05 0.27 0.01 0.12 -0.04 0.05
Gly 0.82 -0.03 0.06 0.36 -0.09 0.23 -0.02 0.05 0.33 -0.09
Ala 0.70 -0.20 -0.07 0.45 0.22 0.20 -0.13 -0.05 0.41 0.22
Val -0.13 0.81 0.27 0.29 -0.12 -0.04 0.53 0.22 0.27 -0.12
Cys 0.34 0.71 -0.07 -0.33 0.10 0.10 0.46 -0.06 -0.30 0.10
Met 0.16 0.42 -0.49 -0.12 0.64 0.04 0.28 -0.41 -0.11 0.66
Ile 0.68 0.44 -0.37 0.29 -0.02 0.19 0.29 -0.31 0.27 -0.02
Leu 0.88 -0.15 -0.25 0.26 0.01 0.25 -0.10 -0.21 0.24 0.01
Tyr 0.90 0.07 0.12 -0.05 -0.05 0.26 0.04 0.10 -0.05 -0.05
Phe 0.93 -0.03 -0.07 -0.24 -0.09 0.26 -0.02 -0.06 -0.23 -0.10
4-Gaba 0.87 0.04 -0.05 0.37 0.01 0.25 0.02 -0.04 0.34 0.01
Lys 0.94 -0.02 -0.03 -0.24 0.04 0.27 -0.01 -0.03 -0.23 0.04
His 0.95 -0.21 0.07 -0.15 0.05 0.27 -0.14 0.05 -0.14 0.06
Trp 0.89 -0.25 0.12 -0.04 0.02 0.25 -0.16 0.10 -0.03 0.02
Arg 0.90 0.08 -0.09 -0.20 0.08 0.26 0.05 -0.07 -0.18 0.08
Pro 0.54 -0.41 0.45 -0.17 0.36 0.15 -0.27 0.38 -0.15 0.36

Table 5

Principal component scores of free amino acids in flue-cured tobacco from different regions"

产地
Origin		 主成分得分
Principal component score		 F综合得分
F comprehensive
score		 排序
Rank
Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5
N01 0.26 -1.09 0.76 0.25 0.19 0.12 24
N02 1.95 0.18 1.89 0.47 -0.86 1.48 12
N03 -2.08 1.35 3.92 0.36 0.42 -0.88 29
N04 0.31 1.46 1.24 0.68 -0.13 0.53 22
N05 -1.49 0.32 1.45 -0.07 -0.81 -0.90 31
N06 3.71 0.87 2.14 1.15 -0.58 2.83 4
N07 -1.10 -0.24 0.02 -0.76 1.35 -0.75 28
N08 -1.62 -0.40 2.15 -0.52 0.44 -0.99 32
N09 1.23 1.50 1.70 0.14 1.32 1.24 17
N10 -1.66 -1.96 0.87 -0.59 0.87 -1.30 40
N11 -2.05 -0.99 0.47 -0.72 -0.09 -1.53 42
N12 0.91 0.28 0.85 0.87 -0.51 0.75 19
N13 1.73 0.26 -0.33 2.63 -1.11 1.29 15
N14 -2.33 0.05 0.21 0.16 0.10 -1.54 43
N15 -0.38 -0.83 -0.20 0.19 -0.88 -0.41 27
N16 -1.82 0.16 0.87 -0.03 1.37 -1.07 34
N17 -2.66 -0.72 0.60 -0.46 -0.66 -1.91 46
N18 3.54 2.30 -2.53 2.16 2.50 2.76 5
N19 -2.48 -0.55 1.34 -0.03 0.93 -1.60 44
N20 1.58 -0.86 1.32 0.22 -0.51 1.05 18
N21 -1.84 -0.33 -0.27 0.56 -0.13 -1.28 39
N22 0.55 0.23 1.85 0.43 0.85 0.62 20
N23 -1.56 -0.38 -0.81 -0.62 0.10 -1.20 37
N24 -1.48 -0.57 -0.67 -0.77 0.30 -1.16 35
N25 -3.26 0.50 -1.92 -0.60 -0.57 -2.36 50
N26 2.54 1.07 -0.90 1.43 0.31 1.89 8
N27 -3.95 0.54 -1.57 -0.42 0.07 -2.75 54
N28 -3.56 -0.31 -0.68 -0.32 -0.27 -2.54 52
N29 -4.15 -0.20 -0.87 -1.10 -1.38 -3.05 55
N30 3.10 0.23 0.19 -1.59 -3.18 1.87 9
N31 -2.67 -0.37 -1.41 -1.19 1.45 -1.97 48
N32 0.31 -1.00 -0.88 0.82 -1.30 0.00 25
N33 -2.25 -0.81 -0.66 -0.30 -0.53 -1.72 45
N34 -3.52 -0.46 -0.84 -0.08 -0.87 -2.56 53
N35 -4.27 -0.74 -1.13 0.19 -0.58 -3.09 56
N36 -1.62 1.35 0.57 1.06 -1.59 -0.89 30
N37 -2.84 0.36 -0.88 -0.51 -0.09 -1.98 49
N38 -3.56 0.84 -1.21 -0.08 -0.29 -2.42 51
N39 2.36 -2.01 -1.31 -1.16 1.85 1.26 16
N40 8.52 -2.64 0.19 -0.83 0.97 5.44 2
N41 17.45 -1.03 -0.47 -2.79 -0.85 11.41 1
N42 -1.89 -1.90 -0.02 0.59 0.21 -1.47 41
N43 -1.33 -1.08 -0.66 0.10 0.39 -1.06 33
N44 3.84 1.64 -1.18 2.60 -0.75 2.84 3
N45 2.26 -0.37 -0.19 -0.20 0.75 1.49 11
N46 0.24 -0.79 0.00 -0.34 -1.46 -0.04 26
N47 -1.32 -2.36 -0.46 -0.42 0.49 -1.23 38
N48 2.20 -0.80 -0.19 1.34 0.08 1.46 13
N49 -1.68 -0.34 0.15 -0.27 -0.32 -1.20 36
N50 -2.65 -0.73 0.84 -1.94 0.63 -1.91 47
N51 3.18 -2.30 -1.62 2.42 -0.53 1.86 10
N52 2.97 -0.95 -0.32 1.13 1.19 2.00 7
N53 -0.52 5.21 -0.62 -1.11 0.14 0.20 23
N54 1.53 1.95 0.83 -0.03 1.18 1.41 14
N55 0.52 1.80 -0.60 0.24 0.60 0.58 21
N56 2.83 5.64 -1.01 -2.35 -0.21 2.39 6

Fig.3

Cluster analysis of free amino acids content of flue cured tobacco in different regions"

Table 6

Analysis of free amino acid content in three groups of flue cured tobacco μg/g"

指标
Index		 第1类群
Group 1		 第2类群
Group 2		 第3类群
Group 3
Asp 258.81±116.31a 167.71±41.42b 268.92±155.03a
Thr 58.56±8.76a 36.78±7.99c 103.85±29.62a
Ser 315.06±65.23a 290.96±64.56a 252.12±9.56a
Asn 968.90±294.05b 465.13±115.11c 3160.34±1276.37a
Glu 231.61±65.16b 134.63±28.64c 500.14±258.28a
Gln 680.37±148.50b 333.72±113.49c 1732.86±456.95a
Gly 27.82±4.82b 19.74±2.45c 39.31±0.81a
Ala 551.52±78.11a 447.42±54.11b 640.24±9.85a
Val 432.59±51.96a 409.13±54.18a 331.86±26.45b
Cys 72.99±31.46a 55.89±8.03b 89.31±3.82a
Met 4.88±2.60a 4.16±1.78a 4.64±1.94a
Ile 7.56±1.71a 5.38±0.98a 9.82±1.88a
Leu 15.59±4.28b 10.24±1.71c 31.96±6.42a
Tyr 57.32±8.62b 39.71±8.47c 101.02±30.22a
Phe 159.77±36.02b 92.68±16.38c 474.22±245.48a
4-Gaba 192.13±39.99b 112.53±26.18c 274.74±74.62a
Lys 28.27±6.55b 15.85±3.11c 87.39±31.11a
His 115.69±20.49b 71.94±18.46c 304.54±92.30a
Trp 161.94±38.18b 103.97±36.10c 376.26±144.02a
Arg 32.86±6.31b 21.87±6.31c 76.75±22.36a
Pro 8487.14±1779.65b 7872.57±1541.97b 13 649.12±1511.89a
总量
Total		 12 861.40±1923.95b 10 712.02±1755.95c 22 509.41±1345.51a
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