Crops ›› 2017, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 131-139.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2017.06.022

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Effects of Inoculating Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth of Quinoa under Different Phosphorus Levels

Pang Chunhua1,2,Yang Shifang1,Zhang Yongqing1,Hua Yanhong1,He Xiao1,Yang Yang2   

  1. 1College of Life Sciences,Shanxi Normal University,Linfen 041000,Shanxi,China
    2Modern College of Arts and Science,Shanxi Normal University,Linfen 041000,Shanxi,China
  • Received:2017-06-22 Revised:2017-09-27 Online:2017-12-15 Published:2018-08-26

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Abstract:

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculating two kinds of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) including Glomus mosseae (Gm) and Glomus tortuosum (Gt) on the quinoa growth, root growth indicators and root physiological indicators, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, yield and its components under the different phosphorus application rates of 0, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg. The results showed that inoculation of Gm had the highest infection rate and mycorrhizal dependency of quinoa under 100mg/kg phosphorus application rate. Under the same inoculated treatment, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, aboveground weight, the max length of root and other root growth indicators, antioxidant enzyme activities of root, chlorophyll contents, maximal PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSⅡ(Fv/Fo), yield and its components were initially increased and then decreased with the increasing phosphorus application rate. Compared with the uninoculated treatment, the above indicators were significantly improved after AM fungi was inoculated, except root average diameter, the values reached the maximum in the 100mg/kg phosphorus application rate, and the increase of Gm was greater than that of Gt; However root average diameter was decreased with a significant level, and the decreasing range of inoculate Gm was more than that of Gt. Under the same inoculated treatment, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and MDA content of root system and dark adaptation to the initial fluorescence (Fo) were initially decreased and then increased with the increasing phosphorus application rate; After inoculate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content of root system were increased with a significant level, and the increasing range of inoculate Gm was more than Gt; MDA content of root system and dark adaptation to the Fo and the decreasing range of inoculate Gm was more than Gt. Taken together, especially 100mg/kg phosphorus application rate and Gm for quinoa seeds to increase growth.

Key words: Quinoa, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Phosphorus application rate, Physiological characteristic, Yield

Table 1

Effects of AM fungi on the quinoa infection rate and mycorrhizal dependency index in root of quinoa under different phosphorus application rate %"

处理
Treatment		 侵染率
Infection rate		 菌根依赖性指数
Mycorrhizal dependency index
NGP1 0C 0C
NGP2 0C 0C
NGP3 0C 0C
NGP4 0B 0C
GtP1 18.05±0.33Bc 21.54±0.56Bc
GtP2 23.05±0.44Bb 26.69±0.29Bb
GtP3 33.73±0.60Ba 34.58±0.38Ba
GtP4 9.67±0.49Ad 13.76±0.26Ad
GmP1 19.90±0.48Ac 22.76±0.56Ac
GmP2 25.69±0.41Ab 28.88±0.42Ab
GmP3 36.86±0.36Aa 37.58±0.46Aa
GmP4 9.89±0.59Ad 13.83±0.28Ad

Table 2

Effects of AM fungi on the shoot growth of quinoa under different phosphorous application rate"

处理Treatment 株高Plant height (cm) 茎粗Stem diameter (mm) 叶面积Leaf area (mm2) 地上部干重Shoot dry weight (g)
NGP1 41.67±1.53Bb 3.92±0.19Bd 3.99±0.17Bd 4.05±0.44Bd
NGP2 44.67±2.52Cb 4.96±0.07Cb 6.08±0.34Cb 8.20±0.51Bb
NGP3 60.33±2.08Ca 6.46±0.24Ca 7.89±0.23Ca 12.22±0.44Ca
NGP4 44.33±1.53Cb 4.57±0.03Cc 5.51±0.10Bc 6.48±0.43Cc
GtP1 48.33±2.08Ad 4.50±0.10Ac 5.05±0.18Ad 6.41±0.44Ad
GtP2 62.67±2.51Bb 5.34±0.23Bb 6.90±0.32Bb 10.12±0.54Ab
GtP3 81.67±1.53Ba 7.24±0.15Ba 6.91±0.20Ba 14.42±0.23Ba
GtP4 54.00±1.00Bc 4.83±0.18Bc 5.87±0.19ABc 8.40±0.38Bc
GmP1 52.33±2.52Ad 4.74±0.05Ac 5.36±0.16Ad 6.75±0.39Ad
GmP2 70.00±2.00Ab 5.93±0.21Ab 7.64±0.14Ab 10.74±0.28Ab
GmP3 92.00±2.00Aa 8.87±0.22Aa 9.52±0.17Aa 16.53±0.27Aa
GmP4 58.00±2.00Ac 5.15±0.13Ac 6.06±0.24Ac 9.48±0.24Ac

Table 3

Effects of AM fungi on root growth of quinoa under different phosphorous application rate"

处理
Treatment		 最长根长(cm)
Length of the longest root		 根系平均直径(mm)
Root average diameter		 根系总表面积(cm2)
Total root area		 根系体积(cm3)
Root volume
NGP1 7.04±0.21Bc 0.69±0.03Ad 328.68±7.49Bd 8.27±0.29Cd
NGP2 7.62±0.22Cb 0.86±0.02Ab 377.63±7.12Cb 10.80±0.55Cb
NGP3 9.05±0.18Ca 1.26±0.02Aa 412.62±6.56Ca 14.35±0.35Ca
NGP4 7.30±0.13Bc 0.74±0.02Ac 347.90±6.80Bc 9.00±0.29Bc
GtP1 7.33±0.13ABc 0.61±0.02Bd 352.07±9.66Ad 9.07±0.34Bd
GtP2 8.41±0.26Bb 0.80±0.01Bb 419.86±5.81Bb 12.59±0.35Bb
GtP3 10.55±0.22Ba 1.04±0.04Ba 461.39±6.88Ba 17.16±0.33Ba
GtP4 7.62±0.20Bc 0.69±0.02ABc 380.23±5.55Ac 10.31±0.41Ac
GmP1 7.55±0.18Ad 0.57±0.02Bd 356.18±5.73Ad 9.85±0.26Ad
GmP2 9.09±0.35Ab 0.74±0.02Cb 438.56±5.83Ab 13.66±0.45Ab
GmP3 11.43±0.18Aa 0.96±0.02Ca 479.23±6.33Aa 18.00±0.26Aa
GmP4 8.10±0.16Ac 0.67±0.03Bc 387.47±6.34Ac 10.61±0.27Ac

Fig.1

Effects of AM fungi on thephysiological index of quinoa root under different phosphorous application rate The different capital letters indicate significant difference among different inoculation treatments at 0.05 level, while the different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different phosphorus application rates within same inoculation treatment at 0.05 level"

Table 4

Effects of AM fungi on the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of quinoa under different phosphorous application rate"

处理Treatment 叶绿素含量Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Fo Fv/Fm Fv/Fo
NGP1 1.36±0.04Bd 321.00±9.64Aa 0.60±0.01Cc 1.67±0.07Cd
NGP2 1.56±0.06Cc 284.67±5.69Ac 0.67±0.02Ca 2.39±0.11Cb
NGP3 1.96±0.03Ca 265.00±6.25Ad 0.72±0.01Ca 3.15±0.11Ca
NGP4 1.70±0.03Bb 305.00±7.00Ab 0.64±0.01Cb 2.04±0.06Cc
GtP1 1.44±0.04Ad 294.33±6.03Ba 0.65±0.01Bc 2.26±0.10Bd
GtP2 1.64±0.07Bc 267.67±6.66Bb 0.72±0.03Bb 2.96±0.11Bb
GtP3 2.12±0.08Ba 252.00±5.29Bc 0.77±0.01Ba 3.65±0.11Ba
GtP4 1.89±0.06Ab 293.33±7.57Ba 0.68±0.01Bb 2.57±0.08Bc
GmP1 1.48±0.03Ad 282.67±6.43Ba 0.70±0.02Ad 2.59±0.09Ad
GmP2 1.78±0.02Ac 253.00±6.08Cb 0.76±0.01Ab 3.36±0.09Ab
GmP3 2.41±0.02Aa 241.67±7.64Bb 0.82±0.01Aa 4.07±0.10Aa
GmP4 1.97±0.05Ab 281.67±9.07Ba 0.74±0.01Ac 3.07±0.07Ac

Table 5

Effects of AM fungi on yield and its components of quinoa under different phosphorous application rate"

处理
Treatment		 主枝穗长(cm)
Ear length of the
main branch		 千粒重(g)
1000-grain
weight		 单株粒重(g)
Grain weight
per plant
NGP1 17.45±0.45Bc 1.57±0.06Bc 51.19±0.84Bc
NGP2 18.46±0.37Cbc 2.10±0.05Cb 61.08±0.93Cb
NGP3 19.85±0.52Ca 2.44±0.05Ca 65.12±0.69Ca
NGP4 17.99±0.15Cb 2.17±0.05Cb 60.96±0.88Bb
GtP1 18.37±0.38ABc 1.74±0.05Ad 53.79±0.99Ad
GtP2 19.57±0.22Bb 2.30±0.05Bc 64.68±0.56Bb
GtP3 21.22±0.46Ba 2.90±0.05Ba 71.29±0.77Ba
GtP4 19.21±0.31Bb 2.57±0.06Bb 61.97±0.71Ac
GmP1 19.15±0.54Ac 1.76±0.05Ac 54.88±0.90Ac
GmP2 20.51±0.57Ab 2.79±0.07Ac 66.05±0.18Ab
GmP3 22.61±0.52Aa 3.04±0.10Aa 72.93±0.91Aa
GmP4 20.25±0.32Ab 2.77±0.08Ab 62.55±0.50Ab
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