高温下钾肥调控水稻产量的研究进展

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.01.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球气候变暖导致的极端高温天气严重影响水稻生产，研究水稻高温伤害机理以及栽培调控措施对阐明水稻高温伤害具有重要意义。本文综述了近年来水稻幼穗分化期、抽穗开花期及灌浆期高温对产量形成的影响及机理，包括花粉发育、颖花育性、灌浆结实、活性氧产生和清除、糖代谢、激素变化等生理生化过程。钾参与植物多个生理过程的调控，因此本文从“源―流―库”的调节、花粉萌发和花粉管伸长、活性氧和激素的稳态等方面论述了钾肥在缓解水稻高温胁迫中的可能作用，概述了不同栽培措施对高温下水稻产量形成的调控，并结合现有研究对优化钾肥管理、提高水稻的抗热性进行了展望。

关键词: 高温胁迫, 水稻, 产量形成, 栽培措施, 钾肥

Abstract:

The extreme high temperature weather caused by global warming have serious effects rice production. It is of great significance to investigate the mechanism of high temperature injury and the cultivation regulation measures to clarify rice high temperature injury. This paper reviewed the effects and mechanisms of high temperatures on the rice yield formation at the panicle initiation stage, heading stage, and grain filling stage in recent years, including the physiological and biochemical processes such as pollen development, spikelet fertility and grain filling, production and elimination of active oxygen, sugar metabolism, hormone changes, etc. Potassium is involved in the regulation of multiple physiological processes of plants. Therefore, this paper discusses the possible role of potassium fertilizer in alleviating rice high temperature stress from the aspects of the regulation of “source-flow-sink”, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, and the steady state of active oxygen and hormones. We also summarizes the regulation of different cultivation measures on rice yield formation under high temperature. Combined with the existing research, the prospect of optimizing potassium fertilizer management to improve the heat resistance of rice were prospected.

Key words: High temperature stress, Rice, Yield formation, Cultivation measures, Potassium fertilizer

谢可冉, 高逖, 崔克辉. 高温下钾肥调控水稻产量的研究进展[J]. 作物杂志, 2024 (1): 8–15

Xie Keran, Gao Ti, Cui Kehui. Research Progress of Potassium Fertilizer Controlling Rice Yield under High Temperature[J]. Crops, 2024(1): 8–15

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植物 Plant	钾肥处理结果 Results of potassium treatment	参考文献 Reference
大豆 Soybean	施钾处理显著增加了大豆开花后籽粒蔗糖浓度和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的表达。	[64]
小麦 Wheat	外源钾提高了高温胁迫下小麦叶片中叶绿素含量，缓解了热胁迫下合成甘氨酸甜菜碱的碳水化合物供应不足。	[57]
水稻 Rice	施钾增加了非结构性碳水化合物从茎鞘向籽粒的转移，从而提高了水稻抗纹枯病能力。	[47]
	叶面喷施KH₂PO₄能提高高温下水稻叶片中可溶性糖的含量。	[65]
甜叶菊 Stevia	叶片中可溶性糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、酸性和中性转化酶的活性与施钾量呈显著正相关。	[63]

作物 Crop	钾肥处理结果 Results of potassium treatment	参考文献 Reference
玉米 Maize	KI能刺激IAA诱导的玉米胚芽鞘伸长，增强IAA诱导的玉米胚芽鞘片段的乙烯生物合成。	[78]
番茄 Tomato	施钾处理下ABA和乙烯的浓度显著低于缺钾处理，减少了盐胁迫伤害。	[79]
烟草 Tobacco	叶片和根中IAA浓度和与指示生长素分布及含量相关的DR5::GUS表达水平与钾含量呈正相关。	[80]
甘薯 Sweet potato	施用钾肥增加了甘薯块根中玉米素含量，提升了初生形成层的活动能力，促进了不定根向块根的分化。	[81]
水稻 Rice	钾转运蛋白OsHAK5调节ATP依赖性生长素转运	[74]

作物 Crop	钾肥处理结果 Results of potassium treatment	参考文献 Reference
小麦 Wheat	外源钾的施用提高了抽穗至灌浆期高温下小麦叶片中抗氧化酶的活性，抗氧化能力保持在高水平。	[82]
大豆 Soybean	施钾降低了大豆丙二醛含量和电解质渗漏率，提高了抗氧化酶活性，从而提高了耐盐性。	[83]
水稻 Rice	2.5%和5% KNO₃、3%和3.5% SiO₂预浸种能更有效地提高水稻幼苗的出苗率、幼苗生长、生理生化特性和抗氧化酶活性。	[84]
	KH₂PO₄和SA处理可以减少高温下水稻ROS产生和脂质过氧化，提高渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力，促进高温胁迫下水稻的生长发育。	[65]

作物 Crop	高温处理 High temperature treatment	外源调节剂处理效果 Effects of exogenous regulator treatment	参考文献 Reference
小麦 Wheat	花前42 °C白天高温处理2 h	高温下花粉育性在10%以下，高温处理前喷洒400 mmol/L抗坏血酸后花粉育性为30%~ 40%。	[92]
水稻 Rice	幼穗分化期全天高温处理15 d	高温处理前和处理后第2天每株各喷施一次20 mL 60 mg/L 6-BA。高温下颖花育性为30%，施用6-BA后颖花育性为62%。	[17]
	幼穗分化期夜间高温处理15 d	在移栽后30、35和40 d分别喷施生长调节剂混合液（含有1.4 mg/L抗坏血酸、6.9 mg/L生育酚、1.8 mg/L茉莉酸甲酯、4.0 mg/L油菜素内酯和0.55 mg/L三唑类）。高温下花粉育性为60%，混合液施用后花粉育性为78%。	[96]
	花期40 °C白天高温处理2 h	高温处理前分别5~10 min喷洒1和10 μmol/L NAA。高温下耐热品种颖花育性为60%，喷施10 μmol/L NAA后颖花育性为68%。高温下热敏感品种颖花育性为33%，喷施10 μmol/L NAA后颖花育性为45%。	[22]
	开花后高温连续处理12 d	高温处理当天和次日16:00至17:00喷洒外源亚精胺，提高了气孔导度和蒸腾速率，降低高温胁迫下水叶温，提高结实率和粒重。	[93]
	抽穗后高温处理6 d	温度处理的第1天和第2天上午9:30-10:00喷施不同浓度的茉莉酸类化合物，高温胁迫下茉莉酸类化合物含量较高的光温敏核不育系与恢复系杂交后代，颖花育性和结实率高，产量高。	[94]
	抽穗后高温处理7 d	开花期喷施不同浓度的油菜素类固醇，油菜素类固醇含量高的品系的雌蕊中1-氨基-环丙烷-1-羧酸和H₂O₂含量较低，CAT活性和抗坏血酸含量较高，受精率、结实率和籽粒产量高。	[95]