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作物杂志,2016, 第6期: 26–32 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.06.005

• 专题综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

水稻氮高效吸收利用机制及栽培调控措施

陈颖,周振翔,周天阳,许志伟,王志琴,顾骏飞   

  1. 扬州大学农学院/扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点/粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心,225009,江苏扬州
  • 收稿日期:2016-08-31 修回日期:2016-10-29 出版日期:2016-12-15 发布日期:2018-08-26
  • 基金资助:
    国家973计划项目(2015CB150401);国家自然科学基金(31501254);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20140480);中国博士后基金(2014M550312,2015T80590);江苏省高校优势学科建设项目

Mechanisms of High Efficiency of N Uptake and Usage in Rice and Its Cultivation Practice

Chen Ying,Zhou Zhenxiang,Zhou Tianyang,Xu Zhiwei,Wang Zhiqin,Gu Junfei   

  1. College of Agronomy, Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,Jiangsu,China
  • Received:2016-08-31 Revised:2016-10-29 Online:2016-12-15 Published:2018-08-26

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摘要：

氮素的大量施用不仅会造成资源的浪费还会造成环境的污染。水稻氮素的高效利用是实现资源高效利用,建立环境友好型农业的关键。从氮素高效吸收与利用的机制及其调控途径等角度进行阐述,一是根系对氮素的高效吸收,包括形态特征和生理特性对氮高效的响应;二是地上部对氮素的高效利用,包括光氮分布、氮代谢相关酶和氮代谢相关激素等方面;三是提高水稻氮高效的栽培调控途径,如秸秆还田、实地养分管理新技术和轻干湿交替灌溉等措施。并讨论分析目前氮素高效吸收面临的问题以及今后研究的重点。

关键词: 水稻, 氮高效利用效率, 根系, 冠层

Abstract:

A large amount of nitrogen application will not only cause a waste of resource but also cause environmental pollution. To improve the use efficiency of nitrogen is the key to achieve high use efficiency of resources and environmentally friend agriculture. This paper mainly discussed the mechanisms and metabolic control of N absorption and utilization: (1) the response of roots system to the absorption of nitrogen, including morphological and physiological characteristics; (2) the morphological and physiological characteristics of canopy in high N use efficient plants, including light and nitrogen distribution, enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism, hormones related to nitrogen metabolism; (3) the management and cultivation methods to improve nitrogen absorption and utilization, such as straw application, site-specific N management, alternate wetting and moderate soil drying. In the end, we prospected the progresses in high N absorption and utilization efficiency in rice research.

Key words: Rice, High nitrogen efficient utilization, Roots system, Canopy

表1

水稻氮高效的农艺和生理指标"

农艺和生理特性Agronomic and physiological characteristics 指数Index
子粒产量Grain yield (t/hm2) ≥9.5[60];≥7.24[63]
农艺N利用效率Agronomic N use efficiency (kg/kg) ≥19.5[60];≥16.04[63]
N吸收量N uptake (kg/hm2) ≥140.0[60]
N肥表观回收效率Apparent recovery efficiency of N fertilizer (%) ≥34.8[60]
内部N利用效率Internal N use efficiency (kg/kg) ≥67.0[60]
N素吸收利用率N recovery efficiency (%) ≥45.45[63]
N素生理利用率Physiological efficiency of applied N (kg/kg) ≥38.9[63]
N偏生产力Partial factor productivity of applied N (kg/kg) ≥48.24[63]
拔节期光合氮素利用效率Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency at elongating stage [μmol/(mmol·leaf N·s)] ≥114[62]
拔节期气孔导度Stomatal conductance at elongating stage [mol H2O/(m2·s)]
 >0.50[62]
抽穗期地上部干物重Shoot biomass at heading (t/hm2) 9.9~10.3[60]
开花期到成熟期作物生长速率Crop growth rate from panicle initiation to maturity [g/(m2·d)] ≥14.5[60]
抽穗期比叶氮Specific leaf N content at heading (g/m2) 2.2~2.3[60]
抽穗期光氮利用效率Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency at heading [μmol/(g·s)] ≥10.5[60]
抽穗期在土壤10.1~20.0cm土层的根系生物量Root biomass in 10.1-20.0cm soil layer at heading (g/m2) 44.5~46.5[60]
抽穗期总根长Root length at heading (km/m2) 24.2~26.5[60]
抽穗期单位土壤体积根总长Root length density at heading (cm/cm3) 12.8~14.2[60]
抽穗期根氧化活力Root oxidation activity at heading [μg α-NA(g·DW·h)] 450.0~500.0[60]
抽穗期茎秆中非结构性碳水化合物含量Nonstructural carbohydrate in the stem at heading (g/m2) ≥285.0[60]
子粒灌浆期间非结构性碳水化合物的再活化Nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain filling (%) 57.5~58.5[60]
子粒灌浆速率Filled grains rate (%) 82.8~84.5[61]
单位面积总粒数Spikelets per area (粒/hm2) ≥4.0×108[61]
收获指数N harvest index (%) ≥68.34[63]
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