Crops ›› 2020, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 71-81.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2020.02.012

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Effects of Low Nitrogen Rate Combined with High Planting Density on Yield Formation and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Machine-Transplanted Double Cropping Rice

Yang Zhichang,Shen Tao,Luo Zhuo,Peng Zhi,Hu Yuqian,Zi Tao,Xiong Tinghao,Song Haixing()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
  • Received:2019-09-22 Revised:2019-12-06 Online:2020-04-15 Published:2020-04-13
  • Contact: Haixing Song E-mail:shx723@163.com

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Abstract:

Under the field experiment condition, taking Zhuliangyou 819 and Zhongjiazao 17 as early rice materials, Taiyou 390 and Xiangwanxian 13 as late rice materials with four nitrogen and density levels. Zero-N with conventional density (CK0), zero-N with high density (CK1), conventional N rate with conventional density (N0D0) and low N rate with high density (N1D1) were set up using split panel design. The effects of low nitrogen rate combined with high planting density on yield and its components and nitrogen use efficiency of machine-transplanted early and late rice were studied. The results showed that compared with N0D0, N1D1 treatment was more beneficial to construct excellent population structure, increased population tiller number and dry matter content during main growth stage. And the leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and population growth rate had advantages at some degree under N1D1 treatment. Meanwhile, N1D1 treatment coordinated the contradiction between panicle number and grain number, which improved the spikelet number of population, kept the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, and maintained the yield stable. In addition, N1D1 treatment increased nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen agronomic utilization rate and nitrogen recovery efficiency, but had a little effect on nitrogen harvest index, compared to the N0D0 treatment. Varying the varieties, rice seasons and locations, the effects of low nitrogen rate combined with high planting density on the economic benefit of rice was different, and there is a certain risk of reduce income. Considering comprehensively, the method of low nitrogen rate combined with high planting density can taking into account the stability of rice yield, the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency, and reducing of nitrogen fertilizer, which is beneficial to environmental protection.

Key words: Machine-transplanted double cropping rice, Low nitrogen rate combined with high planting density, Yield formation, Nitrogen use efficiency

Fig.1

The dynamic of collective tillers in machine-transplanted early rice under treatments of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities N1D1 and N0D0 indicate the treatment of low N rate with high density, and the treatment of conventional N rate with conventional density, respectively, the same below. V1 refers to Zhuliangyou 819, V2 refers to Zhongjiazao 17"

Fig.2

The dynamic of collective tillers in machine-transplanted late rice under treatments of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities V3 refers to Taiyou 390, V4 refers to Xiangwanxian 13"

Table 1

SPAD value of machine-transplanted double cropping rices under treatments of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities"

稻季Rice season 地点Site 处理Treatment 品种Variety 拔节期Jointing stage 抽穗期Heading stage 齐穗期Full heading stage
早稻Early rice
 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V1 43.18a 40.17bc 36.93ab
V2 43.70a 43.78a 34.35bc
N0D0 V1 43.83a 41.06ab 37.21a
V2 44.23a 43.47a 35.76ab
平均Average 43.73 42.12 36.06
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V1 35.23c 35.07d 32.27c
V2 36.32c 37.03cd 32.87c
N0D0 V1 36.62bc 37.13cd 32.37c
V2 39.19b 39.07bc 35.87ab
平均Average 36.84 37.08 33.34
晚稻Late rice 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V3 38.26ab 36.35b 29.73b
V4 37.27bcd 35.17b 29.50b
N0D0 V3 39.01a 35.97b 29.90b
V4 37.87abcd 35.84b 30.70b
平均Average 38.10 35.83 29.96
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V3 36.84cd 38.49a 34.83a
V4 37.44bcd 38.69a 33.93a
N0D0 V3 38.16abc 39.92a 35.63a
V4 36.56d 38.80a 35.57a
平均 Average 37.25 38.98 34.99

Table 2

The LAI of machine-transplanted double cropping rices under treatments of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities"

稻季Rice season 地点Site 处理Treatment 品种Variety 拔节期Jointing stage 抽穗期Heading stage 齐穗期Full heading stage
早稻Early rice
 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V1 2.05cd 5.78a 4.52a
V2 1.32de 4.90ab 4.41a
N0D0 V1 1.86cd 5.56a 3.75a
V2 1.03e 4.29bc 4.73a
平均Average 1.57 5.13 4.35
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V1 2.82ab 3.46cd 2.20b
V2 2.35abc 2.87d 2.04b
N0D0 V1 2.17bc 2.81d 2.28b
V2 2.95a 3.06d 2.02b
平均Average 2.57 3.05 2.13
晚稻Late rice 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V3 5.59ab 5.76ab 5.54a
V4 6.18a 4.89bc 5.24a
N0D0 V3 5.12ab 4.87bc 3.89b
V4 5.21ab 4.07c 5.28a
平均Average 5.52 4.90 4.99
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V3 4.40bc 5.72ab 5.52a
V4 3.83c 6.71a 5.46a
N0D0 V3 4.83bc 5.82ab 5.09ab
V4 3.79c 5.64ab 5.36a
平均 Average 4.21 5.97 5.36

Table 3

The dry matter accumulation of machine-transplanted double cropping rices under treatments of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities kg/hm2"

稻季
Rice season		 地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 分蘖期
Tillering stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
早稻Early rice
 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V1 1 160.00abc 2 786.42ab 6 682.66a 16 475.38ab
V2 897.45de 3 111.03a 7 272.48a 16 864.95a
N0D0 V1 929.71cd 2 541.52b 5 029.14b 14 375.80bc
V2 658.48e 2 332.95b 5 020.00b 13 630.46cd
平均Average 911.41 2 692.98 6 001.07 15 336.65
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V1 1 332.36a 2 450.91b 3 729.21c 11 397.56e
V2 1 234.18ab 2 425.45b 4 047.51bc 11 567.50de
N0D0 V1 996.00bcd 2 336.95b 3 357.14c 11 138.08e
V2 942.09cd 2 807.04ab 3 943.04c 11 496.56e
平均Average 1 126.16 2 505.09 3 769.23 11 399.93
晚稻Late rice 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V3 1 324.60a 4 250.42ab 11 811.14ab 17 562.16ab
V4 1 196.85ab 4 781.57a 13 717.32a 18 461.07a
N0D0 V3 904.27bc 3 504.79bc 9 042.97c 12 660.66d
V4 924.34bc 3 525.02bc 9 845.00bc 12 918.75d
平均Average 1 087.51 4 015.45 11 104.11 15 400.66
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V3 679.15cd 3 835.63bc 10 066.41bc 16 330.41abc
V4 783.03cd 3 272.24c 11 002.17bc 15 911.98bc
N0D0 V3 660.57cd 3 326.66c 9 583.99bc 13 981.13cd
V4 519.43d 3 285.14c 10 205.70bc 14 108.37cd
平均Average 660.54 3 429.92 10 214.57 15 082.97

Table 4

The population growth rate and photosynthetic potential of machine-transplanted double cropping rices under treatments of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities"

稻季
Rice
season		 地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 群体生长率Population growth rate [g/(m2·d)] 光合势Photosynthetic potential [×104(m2·d)/hm2]
分蘖期-拔节期
Tillering-jointing		 拔节期-抽穗期
Jointing-heading		 抽穗期-成熟期
Heading-maturity		 拔节期-抽穗期
Jointing-heading		 抽穗期-齐穗期
Heading -full heading
早稻
Early
rice		 浏阳
Liuyang		 N1D1 V1 10.84bc 38.96a 48.96a 97.85a 126.01a
V2 14.76a 41.61a 47.96a 77.75bc 117.42a
N0D0 V1 10.75bc 24.88b 46.73a 92.86ab 117.37a
V2 11.16abc 26.87b 43.05a 66.42cd 112.03a
平均Average 11.88 33.08 46.68 83.72 118.21
衡阳 N1D1 V1 7.46c 12.78c 30.67b 62.75cd 69.36b
Hengyang V2 7.94c 16.22bc 30.08b 52.24d 60.32b
N0D0 V1 8.94bc 10.20c 31.12b 49.74d 64.23b
V2 12.43ab 11.36c 30.21b 60.05d 64.17b
平均Average 9.19 12.64 30.52 56.20 64.52
晚稻
Late
rice		 浏阳 N1D1 V3 19.51ab 28.00ab 16.91a 153.28a 84.81ab
Liuyang V4 23.90a 33.10ab 13.95a 149.39a 75.97bc
N0D0 V3 17.34b 20.51b 10.64a 134.80ab 65.69d
V4 17.34b 23.41ab 9.04a 125.25b 70.09cd
平均Average 19.52 26.26 12.64 140.68 74.14
衡阳 N1D1 V3 21.04ab 24.92ab 18.42a 126.53b 84.31ab
Hengyang V4 16.59b 30.92a 14.44a 131.73ab 91.23a
N0D0 V3 17.77b 25.03ab 12.93a 133.11ab 81.80ab
V4 18.44b 27.68ab 11.48a 117.96b 82.51ab
平均Average 18.46 27.14 14.32 127.33 84.96

Table 5

Effects of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities on yield and its components of machine-transplanted in double cropping rice"

稻季
Rice
season		 地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 有效穗数
Effective panicle
number (×104/hm2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per panicle		 群体颖花量
Population spikelet
number (×104/hm2)		 结实率
Seed-setting
rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(t/hm2)
早稻 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V1 409.70a 127.96a 52 185.38a 84.92ab 28.16a 7.43a
Early rice
 V2 363.64a 151.08a 54 333.42a 85.05ab 28.66a 7.00ab
N0D0 V1 352.38a 140.69a 49 403.59ab 84.13b 28.80a 7.10a
V2 319.13a 139.77a 44 038.98b 83.71b 29.33a 6.90abc
平均Average 361.21 139.88 49 990.34 84.45 28.74 7.11
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V1 366.06a 74.38b 26 805.88c 87.54ab 29.26a 5.80cd
V2 322.42a 95.25b 30 482.91c 84.29b 28.95a 5.50d
N0D0 V1 352.38a 84.42b 29 498.41c 90.92a 29.40a 6.60abcd
V2 321.90a 97.16b 31 081.03c 87.01ab 28.61a 5.92cd
平均Average 340.69 87.80 29 467.06 87.44 29.06 5.96
晚稻 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V3 419.39a 115.27ab 48 277.41a 85.70ab 26.48d 7.23b
Late rice V4 416.97a 82.89c 34 594.64cd 76.67d 31.45a 5.83d
N0D0 V3 391.67a 93.74bc 36 701.85bc 87.73a 26.37d 7.43b
V4 318.33b 83.96c 26 752.09d 82.42bc 31.26a 6.00cd
平均Average 386.59 93.97 36 581.50 83.13 28.89 6.62
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V3 431.51a 120.08a 51 558.40a 81.87bc 24.63e 8.07a
V4 392.73a 96.73abc 38 440.30bc 81.13bcd 28.08c 6.43c
N0D0 V3 417.14a 109.80ab 45 441.08ab 81.49cd 24.38e 8.17a
V4 394.29a 85.06c 33 412.16cd 79.24bc 29.17b 6.27cd
平均Average 408.92 102.92 42 212.99 80.93 26.57 7.24

Table 6

Effects of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities on nitrogen use efficiency of machine-transplanted in double cropping rice"

稻季
Rice season		 地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 氮素吸收利用率(%)
N recovery efficiency		 氮素农学利用率(kg/kg)
N agronomic efficiency		 氮素偏生产力(kg/kg)
N partial factor productivity		 氮收获指数
N harvest index
早稻Early rice
 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V1 54.63a 27.50ab 61.94a 0.76a
V2 52.41a 28.06a 58.33a 0.75a
N0D0 V1 33.15c 19.78d 47.33bc 0.70ab
V2 44.22b 21.78cd 46.00bc 0.65b
平均Average 46.10 24.28 53.40 0.72
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V1 30.84c 23.48bcd 48.32b 0.69ab
V2 35.01c 26.45ab 45.85bc 0.69ab
N0D0 V1 33.17c 24.11abc 43.98bc 0.69ab
V2 38.21bc 23.94abcd 39.46c 0.72ab
平均Average 34.31 24.50 44.40 0.70
晚稻Late rice 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V3 67.82a 15.28a 60.28b 0.69a
V4 62.16ab 11.11bc 48.61d 0.62b
N0D0 V3 40.59d 12.32b 49.56d 0.69a
V4 39.87d 9.09cd 40.00e 0.60b
平均Average 52.61 11.95 49.61 0.65
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V3 67.22a 12.78ab 67.22a 0.66a
V4 54.73bc 9.72c 53.61c 0.59b
N0D0 V3 46.39cd 10.89bc 54.44c 0.67a
V4 46.62cd 6.67d 41.78e 0.59b
平均Average 53.74 10.02 54.26 0.63

Table 7

Effects of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities on economic benefits of machine-transplanted in double cropping rice"

稻季
Rice
season		 地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)		 产值(元/hm2)
Output value
(yuan/hm2)		 农资成本(元/hm2)
Agricultural resources cost
(yuan/hm2)		 人工成本(元/hm2)
Labour cost
(yuan/hm2)		 利润(元/hm2)
Profit
(yuan/hm2)
早稻 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V1 7 433 20 070 2 370 4 500 13 200
Early rice V2 7 000 18 900 2 370 4 500 12 030
N0D0 V1 7 100 19 170 2 310 4 500 12 360
V2 6 900 18 630 2 310 4 500 11 820
平均Average 7 108 19 193 2 340 4 500 12 353
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V1 5 799 15 657 2 370 4 500 8 787
V2 5 502 14 855 2 370 4 500 7 985
N0D0 V1 6 598 17 813 2 310 4 500 11 003
V2 5 918 15 979 2 310 4 500 9 169
平均Average 5 954 16 076 2 340 4 500 9 236
晚稻 浏阳Liuyang N1D1 V3 7 233 19 530 2 400 4 500 12 630
Late rice V4 5 833 15 750 2 400 4 500 8 850
N0D0 V3 7 433 20 070 2 310 4 500 13 260
V4 6 000 16 200 2 310 4 500 9 390
平均Average 6 625 17 888 2 355 4 500 11 033
衡阳Hengyang N1D1 V3 8 067 21 780 2 370 4 500 14 910
V4 6 433 17 370 2 370 4 500 10 500
N0D0 V3 8 167 22 050 2 310 4 500 15 240
V4 6 267 16 920 2 310 4 500 10 110
平均Average 7 233 19 530 2 340 4 500 12 690
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