Crops ›› 2021, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (4): 136-143.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.04.021

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Effects of Sowing Date on Rain-Fed Summer Maize Yield Formation and Resource Utilization in North China Plain

Liang Qian1,2(), Wu Qingshan1, Ge Junzhu1(), Wu Xidong1, Yang Yong’an3, Hou Haipeng4, Zhang Yao1, Ma Zhiqi1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
    2National Japonica Rice Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin 300457, China
    3Tianjin High Quality Agricultural Products Development Demonstration Center, Tianjin 301500, China
    4Tianjin Agricultural Development Service Center, Tianjin 300061, China
  • Received:2020-08-10 Revised:2020-09-16 Online:2021-08-15 Published:2021-08-13
  • Contact: Ge Junzhu E-mail:819546503@qq.com;gjz0121@126.com

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Abstract:

To study the effects of sowing dates on rain-fed summer maize yield formation and resource utilization, two maize hybrids Jingnongke 728 and Zhengdan 958 were used by five sowing dates, such as June 6th (SD1), June 11th (SD2), June 16th (SD3), June 20th (SD4), and June 26th (SD5) in this study. The results showed that rain-fed summer maize grain filling duration and total growth duration were gradually extended with delayed sowing date. With delayed sowing date, the average leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation (DM) increased first and then decreased by two varieties. LAI at silking stage of SD2 and SD3 were the highest. DM of SD2 was significantly higher than SD1, SD4 and SD5 at the silking stage, and DM of SD2 and SD3 were significantly higher than that in SD4, and SD5. With delayed sowing date, ear grains number and ear rows number were increased first and then decreased, while rows grain number was decreased and 1000-grain weight was increased. Rain-fed summer maize grain yield (GY) was the highest at SD2 and SD3 with the value 9.84×103 and 9.51×103kg/ha and the lowest at SD5 with the value 8.04×103kg/ha. The yield of SD5 was 9.53%, 22.44%, 18.36%, and 15.00% lower than SD1-SD4, respectively; The GY of Jingnongke 728 increased by 9.19% compared with Zhengdan 958. The temperature and solar radiation hours during grain filling and total growth duration had a significant positive correlation with ear grain number, while playing a significant negative role on grain filling and 1000-grain weight. The production efficiency of solar radiation and rainfall of SD1 to SD4 were higher by 4.9%-17.6% and 13.6%-26.8%, compared with SD5, respectively. While the production efficiency of GDD of SD2-SD5 were higher than SD1 by 2.8%-13.3%. In conclusion, the sowing date could regulate the growth and development process, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and increased yield, and increase resource utilization efficiency. The rain-fed summer maize could achieve 9.5×103kg/ha higher yield at sowing date June 11th to 15th with drought-resistant hybrids, such as Jingnongke 728 in the North China Plain.

Key words: Sowing date, Rain-fed, Summer maize, Grain yield

Fig.1

Meteorological data during rain-fed summer maize growth duration"

Table 1

Effects of sowing date on rain-fed summer maize growth stage 月-日 month-day"

处理Treatment 品种Variety 播种期Sowing date 出苗期Emergence stage 抽雄期Tasseling stage 吐丝期Silking stage 成熟期Maturity stage
SD1 JNK728 06-06 06-11 07-29 08-01 09-27
ZD958 06-12 07-31 08-02 10-02
SD2 JNK728 06-11 06-15 08-01 08-04 10-03
ZD958 06-16 08-04 08-07 10-08
SD3 JNK728 06-16 06-20 08-06 08-08 10-08
ZD958 06-21 08-06 08-08 10-13
SD4 JNK728 06-20 06-25 08-12 08-14 10-15
ZD958 06-26 08-12 08-14 10-19
SD5 JNK728 06-26 07-01 08-19 08-21 10-23
ZD958 07-01 08-19 08-21 10-25

Table 2

Effects of sowing dates on climatic resources during rain-fed summer maize different growth period"

处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 出苗-吐丝期
Emergency to silking stage (E-S)		 吐丝-成熟期
Silking to maturity stage (S-M)		 全生育期
Total growth period (E-M)
Tmax (℃) Tmin (℃) GDD (℃) Rf (mm) Tmax (℃) Tmin (℃) GDD (℃) Rf (mm) Tmax (℃) Tmin (℃) GDD (℃) Rf (mm)
SD1 JNK728 31.4b 23.0d 875.9ab 337.7c 29.9a 21.2a 888.5a 162.3ab 30.6a 22.1a 1764.4a 500.0a
ZD958 31.5b 23.1d 882.4a 337.7c 29.5a 20.7a 921.1a 162.3ab 30.4a 21.8a 1803.5a 500.0a
SD2 JNK728 31.7a 23.6c 880.6a 363.1b 29.2ab 20.4ab 890.0a 136.9ab 30.3a 21.9a 1770.6a 500.0a
ZD958 31.7a 23.6c 917.0a 387.0b 28.4ab 19.5b 864.5ab 114.6bc 29.9ab 21.4ab 1781.4a 501.6a
SD3 JNK728 31.4b 23.6c 856.3b 386.6b 28.3ab 19.5b 845.9b 114.6bc 29.7ab 21.3ab 1702.2b 501.2a
ZD958 31.4b 23.6c 841.3b 383.7b 27.3b 18.7b 857.0b 185.8a 29.0bc 20.8bc 1698.3b 569.5a
SD4 JNK728 31.7a 24.0a 892.9a 366.6b 26.7bc 17.9c 762.5c 150.0ab 28.9bc 20.6bc 1655.4c 516.6a
ZD958 31.8a 24.1a 877.8a 366.6b 26.1c 17.4c 777.7c 151.2ab 28.5c 20.3c 1655.5c 517.8a
SD5 JNK728 31.4b 23.9b 899.4a 427.4a 25.2d 16.5d 682.2d 90.4c 28.0cd 19.8d 1581.6d 517.8a
ZD958 31.4b 23.9b 899.4a 427.4a 25.0d 16.1d 685.9d 90.4c 27.8d 19.6d 1585.3d 517.8a

Fig.2

Effects of sowing date on yield of rain-fed summer maize Different letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05), the same below"

Table 3

Effects of sowing date on summer maize yield components"

处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 穗粒数
Grains
per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 穗行数
Rows
per ear		 行粒数
Line grains
number		 穗长
Ear length
(cm)		 秃尖长
Abortion ear
length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear diameter
(cm)
SD1 JNK728 429.6±22.8a 317.4±16.8c 13.3±0.7a 32.3±1.7ab 17.3±0.9ab 1.3±0.1cd 4.5±0.2ab
ZD958 420.3±9.7b 309.0±7.1c 13.3±0.3a 31.6±0.7b 16.8±0.4b 1.9±0.0b 4.3±0.1b
SD2 JNK728 452.2±19.4a 322.7±13.9bc 13.3±0.6a 34.0±1.5a 16.5±0.7bc 0.9±0.0d 4.7±0.2a
ZD958 461.7±29.1a 330.6±20.8bc 13.7±0.9a 33.7±2.1a 18.0±1.1a 2.3±0.1a 4.6±0.3ab
SD3 JNK728 429.3±17.2a 341.2±13.6ab 12.7±0.5ab 33.8±1.4a 18.4±0.7a 0.7±0.0de 4.5±0.2ab
ZD958 448.2±10.8a 325.9±7.8bc 13.5±0.3a 33.2±0.8ab 17.1±0.4b 1.5±0.0c 4.6±0.1ab
SD4 JNK728 406.4±23.6b 339.4±19.7ab 12.7±0.7ab 32.0±1.9b 15.9±0.9cd 0.8±0.0de 4.6±0.3ab
ZD958 386.0±25.1b 358.5±23.3a 12.1±0.8b 31.9±2.1b 15.2±1.0d 0.8±0.1de 4.6±0.3ab
SD5 JNK728 399.0±28.3b 335.0±23.8b 13.3±0.9a 30.0±2.1b 15.9±1.1d 0.5±0.0e 4.7±0.3a
ZD958 333.8±27.7c 339.6±28.2ab 10.7±0.9c 31.2±2.6b 15.5±1.3d 1.3±0.1cd 4.4±0.4b

Fig.3

Effects of sowing date on LAI of rain-fed summer maize"

Table 4

Effects of sowing date on dry matter accumulation of rain-fed summer maize g/株 g/plant"

处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 吐丝期Silking stage 收获期Maturity stage
茎Stem 叶Leaf 总重Total 茎Stem 叶Leaf 籽粒Grain 总重Total
SD1 JNK728 48.3±4.5bc 27.8±1.7a 76.1±6.2bc 72.7±4.9b 25.6±1.7cd 162.9±11.1ab 261.2±17.8bc
ZD958 42.9±1.8d 18.5±1.9d 61.4±3.7e 68.9±4.9bc 24.4±1.7cd 149.6±10.6bc 242.9±17.2cd
SD2 JNK728 62.9±1.5a 27.6±1.2a 90.5±2.7a 96.0±5.0a 27.7±1.4bc 177.2±9.2a 300.9±15.6a
ZD958 58.9±1.2a 25.0±2.9bc 83.9±4.1ab 91.6±4.9a 32.3±1.7ab 153.8±8.3c 277.8±15.0ab
SD3 JNK728 62.2±7.5a 26.8±3.1ab 89.0±10.6a 92.1±6.3a 34.0±2.3a 159.5±10.8b 285.5±19.4ab
ZD958 50.1±12.1b 25.0±3.9bc 75.1±16.0bc 93.6±5.4a 23.3±1.4de 164.9±9.6ab 281.8±16.3ab
SD4 JNK728 45.8±9.1cd 24.3±2.3c 70.1±11.4cd 64.5±3.1c 29.7±1.4b 148.7±7.1bc 242.9±11.7cd
ZD958 44.8±11.3d 26.0±4.8ab 70.9±16.1cd 64.4±3.2c 28.4±1.4bc 137.9±6.8cd 230.7±11.3d
SD5 JNK728 34.2±5.9e 18.4±2.6d 52.6±8.5f 62.7±3.9d 24.5±1.5cd 135.7±8.5d 222.9±14.0d
ZD958 35.3±2.2e 16.8±0.2e 52.1±2.4f 53.8±3.5d 15.2±1.0f 103.8±6.8e 172.8±11.3e

Table 5

Correlation analysis between rain-fed summer maize yield and yield components, and climatic resources in different growth periods"

生育期Growth stage 指标Index 最高温Tmax 最低温Tmin 积温量GDD 光辐射量SR 降雨量Rf
出苗-吐丝期E-S 产量Grain yield 0.375 -0.090 -0.245 0.207 -0.365
穗数Ear number – – – – –
穗粒数Grains per ear 0.164 -0.480 -0.254 0.456 -0.471
千粒重1000-grain weight 0.356 0.865** 0.076 -0.613 0.461
吐丝-成熟期S-M 产量Grain yield 0.493 0.506 0.486 0.337 0.264
穗数Ear number – – – – –
穗粒数Grains per ear 0.734* 0.744* 0.779** 0.667* 0.436
千粒重1000-grain weight -0.707* -0.708 -0.648* -0.525 -0.354
全生育期E-M 产量Grain yield 0.516 0.552 0.452 0.514 -0.137
穗数Ear number – – – – –
穗粒数Grains per ear 0.739* 0.759* 0.764* 0.781** -0.031
千粒重1000-grain weight -0.689* -0.675* -0.672* -0.713* 0.141

Table 6

The production efficiency of light, temperature and water resources of rain-fed summer maize at different sowing dates"

处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 光能生产效率
Production efficiency of SR (g/MJ)		 积温生产效率
Production efficiency of GDD [kg/(hm2·℃)]		 降水生产效率
Production efficiency of Rf [kg/(hm2·mm)]
SD1 JNK728 0.373 5.31 18.7
ZD958 0.329 4.56 16.5
SD2 JNK728 0.400 5.65 20.0
ZD958 0.387 5.43 19.3
SD3 JNK728 0.395 5.76 19.6
ZD958 0.376 5.42 16.2
SD4 JNK728 0.386 5.66 18.1
ZD958 0.378 5.51 17.6
SD5 JNK728 0.369 5.61 17.1
ZD958 0.300 4.54 13.9
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