Crops ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (2): 80-88.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2024.02.010

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Effects of Straw Returning Years and Phosphorus Application on Root Growth and Yield of Maize

Hu Haochi(), Wang Fugui(), Zhu Kongyan, Hu Shuping, Wang Meng, Wang Zhigang, Sun Jiying, Yu Xiaofang, Bao Haizhu(), Gao Julin()   

  1. Agricultural College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2023-01-29 Revised:2023-03-30 Online:2024-04-15 Published:2024-04-15

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Abstract:

Xianyu 335 was used as the test material in this experiment, and a two-factor split-plot design was used to study the effects of straw returning years [5 years (5a) and 1 year of total straw deep ploughing (1a)] and phosphorus application levels [P2O5 0 (P0), 45 (P45), 90 (P90), 135 (P135) and 180 kg/ha (P180)] on root architecture, mycorrhizal colonization, plant dry weight, phosphorus accumulation and final yield of maize. The results showed that compared with 1a, 5a significantly optimized the root morphology of maize, promoted root growth, mycorrhizal infection and plant dry matter and phosphorus accumulation, and then increased the yield by 1.94%-7.15%. The level of phosphorus fertilizer affected the growth and development of maize, and also affected the mycorrhizal colonization density (m%), arbuscular richness (a%) and root arbuscular richness (A%), and these indexes began to decrease significantly after P90 treatment, indicating that when the phosphorus level was high, the infection of AM fungi would be seriously inhibited. The dry weights of roots, stalk and leaves of maize in jointing period reached the maximum at P90, P90 and P135, respectively, which increased by 1.31%-15.07%, 0.05%-25.07% and 7.61%-22.42% compared with other phosphorus treatments. The accumulation of phosphorus reached the peak at P135, P90 and P135, respectively, which increased by 11.09%-95.51%, 10.77%-77.39% and 3.91%-29.28% compared with other phosphorus treatments. The dry weight of stalk, leaves and grain of maize at mature period reached the maximum at P90, P135 and P90, respectively, and increased by 0.18%-19.25%, 5.79%-30.60% and 0.90%-10.47% compared with other phosphorus treatments. The accumulation of phosphorus reached the peak at P135, P135 and P90, which increased by 5.16%-54.70%, 13.18%-77.22% and 3.99%-56.75%, respectively, compared with other phosphorus treatments. Compared with P0, the maize yields of all P treatments increased significantly, and reached the highest at P135. In summary, when the total straw deep ploughing combined with 135 kg/ha phosphate fertilizer was applied for five consecutive years, maize had stronger nutrient absorption capacity, which could promote plant growth and significantly increase yield.

Key words: Maize, Straw returning, Phosphorus application rate, Root growth, Mycorrhizal colonization, Yield

Table 1

Analysis of variance of root morphology and root mycorrhizal infection status under straw returning years and phosphorus treatments"

变异来源
Sources of
variation		 F值F-value
总根长
Total root length		 总根表面积
Total root surface area		 总根体积
Total root volume		 菌根侵染密度
(m%)		 丛枝丰富度
(a%)		 根系丛枝丰富度
(A%)
SRY 632.427** 147.198** 109.700** 1228.415** 121.868** 1469.118**
P 480.649** 31.032** 52.163** 336.514** 100.514** 221.513**
SRY×P 84.312** 4.337** 11.755** 104.200** 3.795* 88.872**

Table 2

Multiple comparisons of root morphology and root mycorrhizal infection among combinations"

处理
Treatment		 总根长
Total root length (mm)		 总根表面积
Total root surface area (cm2)		 总根体积
Total root volume (cm3)		 菌根侵染密度
(m%)		 丛枝丰富度
(a%)		 根系丛枝丰富度
(A%)
1a P0 1796.59f 542.71d 13.52f 24.70f 50.89c 13.88f
P45 1910.12e 619.22c 17.14cd 27.03de 66.58b 16.31e
P90 2912.27a 721.15b 17.49c 28.67d 69.90b 19.82c
P135 2267.34d 627.02c 16.09de 13.27g 54.43c 6.18g
P180 1804.64f 544.41d 15.92e 8.93h 40.44d 3.85h
5a P0 1901.09e 654.25c 15.46e 28.13d 69.11b 18.39d
P45 2530.34c 735.38b 19.24b 32.77c 75.33a 27.12a
P90 2980.03a 781.57a 19.50b 52.50a 77.09a 26.05ab
P135 2686.03b 816.50a 21.34a 35.77b 66.65b 25.67b
P180 2665.45b 697.71b 16.46cde 25.93ef 49.54c 18.32d

Table 3

ANOVA of root dry weight and P accumulation under straw returning years and P treatments"

变异来源
Sources of
variation		 F值F-value
根系干重
Root dry weight		 根部磷素积累量
Phosphorus accumulation in roots
SRY 79.17** 3854.82**
P 25.69** 514.43**
SRY×P 6.10** 111.17**

Fig.1

Effects of straw returning years and phosphorus treatments on root dry weight and phosphorus accumulation “*”and“**”indicate significant (P < 0.05) and extremely significant (P < 0.01) differences between straw returning years at the same phosphorus level, the same below."

Table 4

Analysis of variance of dry weight and phosphorus accumulation of shoot organs under straw returning years and phosphorus treatments"

指标
Index		 部位
Position		 拔节期Jointing stage 成熟期Mature stage
SRY P SRY×P SRY P SRY×P
干重Dry weight 茎秆 171.09** 43.54** 9.18** 492.12** 64.92** 8.31**
叶片 108.76** 87.88** 8.27** 7.12* 139.58** 1.63
籽粒 － － － 122.47** 96.47** 27.76**
磷素积累量Phosphorus accumulation amount 茎秆 307.70** 150.47** 4.83** 523.44** 81.53** 24.10**
叶片 254.74** 70.11** 7.80** 120.42** 178.63** 8.84**
籽粒 － － － 513.66** 508.33** 121.69**

Fig.2

Effects of straw returning years and phosphorus treatments on dry weight and phosphorus accumulation of shoot organs"

Table 5

Analysis of variance of maize yield and its components under straw returning years and phosphorus treatments"

变异来源
Sources of
variation		 F值F-value
穗粒数
Grains
per ear		 有效穗数
Effective
panicles		 百粒重
100-grain
weight		 产量
Yield
SRY 2.14 20.51** 0.01 44.53**
P 1.56 3.62* 0.84 19.25**
SRY×P 0.59 1.43 0.33 2.28

Fig.3

Effects of straw returning period and phosphorus treatment on yield and its components"

Table 6

Multiple comparisons of absorption and utilization efficiency of phosphorus among combinations in maize"

处理
Treatment		 磷素吸收效率
PUPE (kg/kg)		 磷素利用率
PUE (%)		 磷素农学效率
PAE (kg/kg)		 磷素偏生产力
PPFP (kg/kg)
1a P0 － － － －
P45 0.92b 0.21b 8.20b 322.05a
P90 0.50d 0.14c 4.67cd 161.60c
P135 0.36f 0.12d 8.13b 112.74d
P180 0.22h 0.05f 2.46d 80.93e
5a P0 － － － －
P45 0.97a 0.15c 5.46c 328.30a
P90 0.68c 0.27a 11.73a 173.15b
P135 0.42e 0.15c 8.87b 116.48d
P180 0.29g 0.08e 4.26cd 84.97e
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