Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 233-242.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.06.032

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Effects of Nitrogen and Delayed Harvest on Foxtail Millet Yield and Grain Quality

Shen Tianyu1(), Wang Yuan2, Dong Erwei2, Wang Jinsong2, Liu Qiuxia2, Jiao Xiaoyan2()   

  1. 1School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
    2College of Resource & Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2022-09-16 Revised:2023-09-14 Online:2023-12-15 Published:2023-12-15

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Abstract:

Six foxtail millet cultivars, including Gonggu 88, Jingu 21, Changnong 47, Changnong 35, Jigu 41 and Yugu 35, were used as test materials in experiments in 2021. There were four treatments：without N application combined with harvest at physiological maturity (N0T1), without N application combined with harvest 14d after physiological maturity (N0T2), 150 N kg/ha combined with harvest at physiological maturity (N1T1) and 150 N kg/ha combined with harvest 14d after physiological maturity with (N1T2). The effects of nitrogen and delayed harvest on yield, nutrient accumulation, folate content and pasting properties were studied. The results showed that N application increased grains number per ear (GNPE), grain yield and aboveground phosphorus accumulation. Delayed harvest increased 1000-grain weight and grain yield, and reduced K accumulation of aboveground and the content of total folate. Both N application and delayed harvest decreased peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity. N application reduced setback of pasting. The pasting temperature was increased by N0T2 treatment. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively correlated with GNPE, N and P accumulation. There were negative relationships between grain yield and most pasting parameters. The total folate content of millet was positively correlated with the accumulation of N and K, and negatively correlated with setback. Both N application and delayed harvest were able to exert beneficial effects on grain yield, but reduced the foxtail millet pasting properties. N application also alleviated the reduction of aboveground K accumulation and folate content caused by delayed harvest.

Key words: Foxtail millet, Delayed harvest, Nitrogen, Folate, Pasting properties

Table 1

Foxtail millet cultivars and harvest times"

品种
Cultivar		 育成单位
Breeding unit		 留苗密度（×104株/hm2）
Seedling density
(×104 plant/hm2)		 不施氮（N0）
Without N application		 施氮（N1）
N application
T1 T2 T1 T2
公谷88 Gonggu 88 吉林省农业科学院作物资源研究所 45.0 09-25 10-09 09-27 10-11
晋谷21 Jingu 21 山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所 45.0 09-26 10-10 09-28 10-12
长农47 Changnong 47 山西省农业科学院谷子研究所 45.0 10-01 10-15 10-02 10-16
长农35 Changnong 35 山西省农业科学院谷子研究所 45.0 10-01 10-15 10-02 10-16
冀谷41 Jigu 41 河北省农林科学院谷子研究所 52.5 09-22 10-06 09-25 10-09
豫谷35 Yugu 35 安阳市农业科学院 52.5 09-19 10-03 09-20 10-04

Table 2

ANOVA analysis of effects of N application and harvest time on yield and nutrient accumulation aboveground of foxtail millet (F-value)"

变异来源
Source of variations		 产量
Yield		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 穗粒数
Grain number per ear		 地上干物质积累量
Dry matter aboveground		 养分累积量Nutrient accumulation
N P K
氮水平N level (N) 48.11** 4.51* 40.89** 22.06** 481.88** 57.87** 50.30**
收获时期Harvest time (T) 4.61** 19.41** 0.00 0.01 0.13 3.52** 65.49**
氮水平×收获时期(N×T) 0.16 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.49 1.18 1.50

Table 3

Effects of N application and harvest time on grain yield and NPK accumulation aboveground of foxtail millet"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per ear		 地上干物质积累量
Dry matter
aboveground (kg/hm2)		 养分积累量Nutrient accumulation (kg/hm2)
N P K
公谷88
Gonggu 88		 N0T1 5546.81±97.26b 2.48±0.01c 4977.27±227.37a 7448.33±28.57b 85.19±4.00b 16.98±0.26bc 136.67±2.44a
N0T2 5882.74±79.46b 2.63±0.02b 4975.25±226.06a 7555.48±26.51b 76.11±6.12b 16.54±0.95c 74.70±4.62c
N1T1 6057.97±3.17ab 2.52±0.04c 5353.25±77.95a 8873.50±38.88a 128.12±1.63a 19.67±0.73ab 137.19±3.85a
N1T2 6545.06±108.84a 2.71±0.02a 5359.88±75.28a 8823.87±47.68a 130.09±0.91a 20.05±1.24a 114.89±5.46b
晋谷21
Jingu 21		 N0T1 4680.34±202.16b 2.59±0.02b 4025.09±169.01b 10 579.98±45.62b 91.53±0.56c 16.96±0.90b 138.06±1.54b
N0T2 4719.49±165.02b 2.61±0.03b 4020.15±167.94b 10 694.81±30.46b 96.76±1.71b 18.87±0.49a 104.99±5.51c
N1T1 5422.26±97.47a 2.63±0.03b 4581.17±68.66a 11 097.77±50.84a 141.84±2.47a 17.03±0.06b 164.74±5.36a
N1T2 5617.16±94.71a 2.72±0.01a 4588.51±66.39a 11 232.63±60.14a 140.83±0.51a 18.91±0.15a 128.41±1.19b
长农47
Changnong 47		 N0T1 4700.43±55.13c 2.35±0.03c 4447.42±62.38b 9734.81±38.33b 81.47±3.02b 15.70±0.31b 115.39±3.49c
N0T2 4901.16±144.49c 2.45±0.04b 4447.80±61.93b 9826.12±33.33b 85.58±13.05b 14.19±0.97b 98.79±2.52d
N1T1 6214.54±30.12b 2.43±0.01bc 5674.80±46.79a 11 251.83±61.61a 160.38±5.67a 21.85±0.69a 177.23±3.43a
N1T2 6524.16±7.88a 2.56±0.02a 5675.49±43.29a 11 285.91±37.93a 161.26±3.72a 24.19±0.99a 130.20±4.66b
长农35
Changnong35		 N0T1 5069.22±133.34b 2.30±0.04c 4914.8±178.35a 10 046.45±16.85b 90.22±4.20b 17.61±0.11b 108.67±4.94b
N0T2 5279.16±199.07b 2.39±0.03b 4913.46±179.76a 10 065.56±28.97b 90.16±9.35b 18.17±0.97b 90.64±12.90b
N1T1 5693.80±57.89a 2.43±0.01b 5216.68±44.20a 10 913.31±48.47a 147.23±4.13a 22.95±1.06a 184.77±5.87a
N1T2 5972.16±26.69a 2.54±0.02a 5227.02±49.37a 10 969.86±10.08a 149.23±11.13a 22.32±0.91a 114.01±4.66b
冀谷41
Jigu 41		 N0T1 5058.96±29.46c 2.29±0.02b 4208.66±31.71b 9675.46±39.54b 82.75±6.44b 17.08±0.76b 114.76±2.11ab
N0T2 5295.57±82.46bc 2.41±0.02a 4195.30±32.60a 9582.00±32.14b 74.02±8.66b 18.30±0.89b 102.07±4.69c
N1T1 5594.01±37.28b 2.27±0.03b 4693.13±84.08a 11 511.88±50.19a 144.71±2.57a 17.39±0.28b 116.94±3.76a
N1T2 5942.45±188.79a 2.41±0.04a 4696.42±80.97a 11 566.02±57.64a 140.31±4.35a 21.47±1.28a 103.17±3.65bc
豫谷35
Yugu 35		 N0T1 5663.72±56.61d 2.30±0.00b 4701.27±45.64b 10 840.04±61.63b 83.98±3.76b 16.51±0.42b 110.54±3.90b
N0T2 6104.55±61.76c 2.47±0.02a 4701.61±47.53b 10 784.63±59.71b 74.75±3.36b 17.17±2.27b 84.58±5.81c
N1T1 7205.72±54.60b 2.30±0.03b 5961.13±22.95a 11 672.24±47.45a 147.08±4.85a 22.91±0.31a 152.98±4.46a
N1T2 7717.08±80.89a 2.46±0.02a 5975.40±26.02a 11 584.76±62.95a 153.26±2.73a 24.24±1.62a 108.89±6.54b

Table 4

ANOVA analysis of effects of N application and harvest time on foxtail millet grain folate and its derivative contents (F-value)"

变异来源
Source of variation		 总叶酸
Total folate		 5-甲酰四氢叶酸
5-CHO-THF		 5-甲基四氢叶酸
5-CH3-THF		 四氢叶酸
THF		 10-甲酰叶酸
10-CHO-FA		 5,10-次甲基四氢叶酸
5,10-CH=THF
氮水平N level (N) 178.72** 147.71** 93.27** 136.31** 25.89** 119.10**
收获时期Harvest time (T) 503.02** 442.70** 177.44** 345.75** 754.30** 129.13**
氮水平×收获时期（N×T） 20.69** 22.11** 3.09 46.49** 21.19* 70.98**

Table 5

Effects of N application and harvest time on foxtail millet grain total folate and its derivative contents μg/100g"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 总叶酸
Total folate		 5-甲酰四氢叶酸
5-CHO-THF		 5-甲基四氢叶酸
5-CH3-THF		 四氢叶酸
THF		 10-甲酰叶酸
10-CHO-FA		 5,10-次甲基四氢叶酸
5,10-CH=THF
公谷88
Gonggu 88		 N0T1 44.05±3.30b 21.72±1.31b 17.63±1.82b 1.47±0.15b 2.49±0.20b 0.73±0.15b
N0T2 15.22±0.46d 6.97±0.28d 7.29±0.24d 0.62±0.02c 0.45±0.04c 0.34±0.03b
N1T1 56.94±3.40a 28.02±2.89a 21.84±0.64a 2.36±0.20a 3.17±0.14a 1.56±0.19a
N1T2 26.33±1.38c 12.28±0.42c 12.44±0.87c 1.09±0.09b 0.52±0.04c 0.53±0.04b
晋谷21
Jingu 21		 N0T1 41.40±1.56b 21.08±1.27b 16.40±0.40b 1.33±0.22b 2.09±0.30b 0.50±0.24b
N0T2 14.82±2.39d 5.98±1.22d 8.23±1.13c 0.40±0.03c 0.51±0.03c 0.21±0.04b
N1T1 69.16±2.13a 32.14±0.73a 30.29±0.74a 2.20±0.29a 3.09±0.15a 1.44±0.30a
N1T2 31.89±1.84c 13.63±1.07c 17.06±0.77b 0.83±0.05b 0.49±0.02c 0.36±0.04b
长农47
Changnong 47		 N0T1 32.20±0.39b 14.16±1.60b 14.25±1.71b 1.22±0.14b 2.22±0.29b 0.35±0.21b
N0T2 18.60±1.33c 7.74±0.56b 9.99±0.74c 0.59±0.05c 0.57±0.02c 0.28±0.06b
N1T1 60.41±3.44a 28.36±3.31a 25.15±0.31a 2.48±0.20a 2.82±0.17a 1.61±0.20a
N1T2 27.07±2.09b 11.32±0.97b 14.65±0.96b 0.74±0.13c 0.61±0.03c 0.36±0.04b
长农35
Changnong 35		 N0T1 31.67±2.16b 14.63±1.00b 13.35±1.38b 1.36±0.03b 1.97±0.25b 0.36±0.13b
N0T2 15.20±2.41c 6.09±1.01c 8.23±1.24c 0.57±0.16c 0.43±0.02c 0.31±0.08b
N1T1 57.26±3.26a 29.90±2.24a 20.96±0.69a 2.46±0.29a 2.68±0.35a 1.26±0.07a
N1T2 30.03±3.31b 13.53±2.01b 15.20±1.17b 0.89±0.09bc 0.48±0.04c 0.41±0.05b
冀谷41
Jigu 41		 N0T1 42.44±1.24b 17.41±1.03b 21.65±0.40a 1.28±0.19b 1.65±0.07b 0.45±0.15b
N0T2 15.03±0.86d 6.61±0.47d 7.62±0.30c 0.54±0.05c 0.49±0.03c 0.27±0.05b
N1T1 54.05±0.81a 26.32±0.25a 21.85±0.56a 2.19±0.12a 2.43±0.23a 1.26±0.13a
N1T2 22.31±2.43c 9.93±0.97c 11.28±1.39b 0.74±0.08c 0.54±0.02c 0.36±0.02b
豫谷35
Yugu 35		 N0T1 39.20±0.29b 19.38±0.17b 16.17±0.10b 1.06±0.21b 2.32±0.17a 0.27±0.13b
N0T2 22.41±1.15d 9.34±0.46d 11.92±0.81d 0.80±0.03b 0.58±0.04c 0.34±0.02b
N1T1 63.07±0.98a 31.39±0.81a 24.92±0.51a 2.64±0.08a 2.68±0.18a 1.43±0.02a
N1T2 27.61±1.38c 11.99±0.77c 14.19±0.53c 0.95±0.05b 0.60±0.03c 0.48±0.05a

Table 6

ANOVA analysis of effects of N application and harvest time on pasting properties of foxtail millet (F-value)"

变异来源
Source of variation		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity		 谷值黏度
Trough viscosity		 崩解值
Breakdown		 最终黏度
Final viscosity		 回升值
Setback		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature
氮水平N level (N) 115.83** 55.04** 26.24** 243.27** 108.43** 0.09
收获时期Harvest time (T) 13.43** 172.13** 4.25* 76.13** 3.93* 8.43**
氮水平×收获时期（N×T） 0.02 0.25 0.01 9.71** 15.98** 1.55

Table 7

Effects of N application and harvest time on pasting properties of foxtail millet"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity
(BU)		 谷值黏度
Trough viscosity
(BU)		 崩解值
Breakdown
(BU)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity
(BU)		 回升值
Setback
(BU)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature
(oC)
公谷88
Gonggu 88		 N0T1 300.33±4.18a 182.33±9.06a 103.00±2.52a 548.00±3.21a 365.67±7.51b 77.27±0.32ab
N0T2 290.00±4.04a 106.00±10.02b 93.33±0.88b 514.00±11.14b 408.00±6.03a 78.30±0.06a
N1T1 252.67±9.94b 181.67±5.24a 83.00±2.08c 498.00±9.17b 316.33±14.19c 77.33±0.48ab
N1T2 252.00±8.66b 65.67±5.90c 86.00±2.65c 413.33±4.70c 347.67±9.14bc 77.00±0.40b
晋谷21
Jingu 21		 N0T1 296.00±2.89a 210.33±0.88a 97.00±9.29ab 540.67±7.75a 330.33±8.51b 75.80±0.29a
N0T2 288.00±11.02a 155.67±5.21b 104.67±6.12a 551.67±7.31a 396.00±4.51a 76.87±0.52a
N1T1 251.67±10.73b 139.00±5.51c 98.33±9.33ab 430.67±3.84b 291.67±7.84c 76.20±0.97a
N1T2 215.33±3.93c 54.67±6.69d 76.67±2.33b 330.33±4.26c 275.67±6.67c 77.60±0.15a
长农47
Changnong 47		 N0T1 273.67±13.86a 153.67±9.24a 96.00±6.43a 526.00±2.65a 372.33±11.10a 76.33±0.32a
N0T2 245.00±10.15ab 64.67±13.04b 84.00±5.29a 420.67±10.48b 356.00±21.55a 77.37±0.74a
N1T1 240.67±6.01ab 134.33±19.60a 85.33±4.33a 431.00±5.20b 296.67±16.80b 76.40±0.75a
N1T2 214.67±9.68b 47.67±1.76b 81.33±5.78a 318.67±3.48c 271.00±4.73b 76.97±0.43a
长农35
Changnong 35		 N0T1 271.33±12.02a 214.00±15.01a 98.33±3.28a 507.00±16.04a 278.33±16.67bc 75.20±0.45b
N0T2 271.33±1.76a 119.67±14.88bc 99.33±2.96a 489.33±6.12a 369.67±8.76a 76.43±0.48b
N1T1 239.33±6.89b 132.33±13.57b 85.67±8.99ab 437.00±10.58b 304.67±10.27b 76.43±0.49b
N1T2 204.00±0.58c 82.67±1.45c 75.00±0.58b 339.33±4.63c 256.67±3.84c 79.23±1.29a
冀谷41
Jigu 41		 N0T1 309.00±11.50a 198.33±8.35a 103.33±4.48a 569.00±9.07a 370.67±1.86a 77.07±0.45a
N0T2 260.67±13.22b 97.00±3.61c 78.33±9.56b 493.00±4.51b 396.00±6.66a 79.73±0.64a
N1T1 222.33±1.45c 134.67±8.88b 69.67±1.45b 423.33±8.84c 288.67±2.60b 77.67±0.23a
N1T2 216.00±7.09c 47.00±12.06d 66.67±1.33b 344.67±7.22d 297.67±19.17b 76.47±2.51a
豫谷35
Yugu 35		 N0T1 270.67±5.81a 181.33±10.98a 81.00±10.82a 543.67±2.03a 362.33±8.95b 77.40±0.06b
N0T2 269.00±7.09a 101.67±3.33c 87.67±2.91a 508.00±7.23b 406.33±10.17a 78.63±0.27a
N1T1 222.33±10.68b 130.00±1.53b 76.33±2.03a 441.00±1.00c 311.00±1.53c 78.10±0.25a
N1T2 222.67±8.41b 95.33±1.76c 78.00±1.53a 370.67±11.26d 275.33±10.84d 78.17±0.09a

Fig.1

Principal component analysis of yield and its components, aboveground NPK accumulation, folate content and pasting parameters of foxtail millet (a) Score plot, (b) Loading plot. GY: yield, TWG: 1000-grain weight, GNPE: grain numbers per ear, N: plant N accumulation, P: plant P accumulation, K: plant K accumulation, TF: total folate content, PV: peak viscosity, TV: trough viscosity, BD: breakdown, FV: final viscosity, SB: setback, PT: pasting temperature. The same below"

Fig.2

Correlation analysis of grain yield and its components, aboveground NPK accumulation, folate content and pasting parameters of foxtail millet (a) Gonggu 88, (b) Jingu 21, (c) Changnong 47, (d) Changnong 35, (e) Jigu 41, (f) Yugu 35"

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