Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 180-188.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.02.025

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Effects of Different Crops Planting on Heavy Metals in Soils and Crops

Huang Chengjian1(), Li Xiang1, Liu Xiaokang2, Pan Tingjie1, Lei Ning1, Luo Fang2, Zhao Siyi3   

  1. 1Modern Agricultural Institution, Dazhou Vocational and Technical College, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China
    2Dazhou Agricultural Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China
    3Dazhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-09-10 Revised:2023-11-27 Online:2025-04-15 Published:2025-04-16

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Abstract:

Taking ramie (Boehmeria nivea) fields, intercropped and relay-cropped drylands, paddy fields, and planted with crops as the research objects, the content of heavy metals in soil and crops were measured, heavy metal pollution risk and the influencing factors were analyzed, and the heavy metal enrichment capacity of ramie, food and oil crops to soil heavy metals were evaluated. The results showed that the content of soil Cd in ramie fields was significantly lower than that in paddy fields, but greater than that in relay-cropped drylands, no significant difference was detected for the contents of Pb, Cr, Hg and As among crop cultivated fields (P < 0.05). In addition, Cd content in a few sites in ramie fields and intercropping and relay-cropped drylands other than in the paddy fields exceeded the risk screening value of agricultural land soil. Moreover, the contents of Pb, Cr and Hg were significantly greater in ramie roots than that in rice grains, maize grains, potato tubers and rapeseeds. However, the contents of Cd and As were significantly lower in ramie roots than that in rice grains. Cd content in a few rice grain samples exceeded the limit of pollutant in food, whereas that in other food and oil crops did not exceed the standard line of pollutants in food. The acid soil conditions, the difference in the content of soil organic matter due to differently cultivated crops, and the overdose of phosphorus fertilizers were the main factors led to the excessive Cd in ramie fields and intercropping and relay-cropped drylands. In conclusion, the comprehensive pollution of heavy metals in soils, food and oil crops in three types of cultivated field was all in safety and vigilance levels. The enrichment capacity of ramie to heavy metal Cd and As were significantly lower than that of rice grains, but to heavy metal Pb, Cr and Hg were higher than that of food and oil crops. Thus, the phytoremediation effect of ramie on heavy metal pollution soil in ordinary farmlands outside mining areas was better than that of food and oil crops. However, the phytoremediation period may to be extended when using ramie to deal with Cd and As pollution in paddy fields.

Key words: Ramie, Food and oil crops, Soil, Heavy metal pollution, Enrichment, Soil physical and chemical properties

Table 1

Heavy metal content and K of ramie soil and roots in mining area (or chemical plant)"

序号
Number		 矿区
（或化工厂）
Mining area (or
chemical plant)		 土壤重金属含量
Content of heavy metals
in soils (mg/kg)		 苎麻根重金属含量
Content of heavy metals
in ramie roots (mg/kg)		 K 参考文献
Reference
Cd Pb Cr Hg As Cd Pb Cr Hg As Cd Pb Cr Hg As
1

 湖南浏阳七
宝山矿区
A农田		 7.70

 694.22

 －

 －

 －

 8.1600

 121.0000

 －

 －

 －

 1.0597

 0.1743

 －

 －

 －

 [13]

2

 湖南浏阳七
宝山矿区
B农田		 8.52

 956.60

 －

 －

 －

 7.6000~
9.1700
 12.1200~
120.5200
 －

 －

 －

 0.8920~
1.0763
 0.0127~
0.1260
 －

 －

 －

 [13]

3
 江西德兴
铜矿区		 0.51
 9.36
 －
 －
 －
 0.3500
 2.2700
 －
 －
 －
 0.6863
 0.2425
 －
 －
 －
 [11]
4
 湖南冷水
江锑矿区		 0.87~
86.69		 32.20~
219.90		 －
 －
 10.70~
310.00		 1.3800~
2.5900		 8.7000~
8.4000		 －
 －
 0.9000~
3.5200		 0.0299~
1.5862		 0.0382~
0.2702		 －
 －
 0.0114~
0.0841		 [8]
5
 浙江嘉兴
南湖区		 －
 －
 －
 0.3200
 －
 －
 －
 －
 0.0420
 －
 －
 －
 －
 0.1313
 －
 [10]

Table 2

Statistics of heavy metal content in soils of different crop planting fields"

作物种植地
Crop planting fields		 土壤重金属平均含量
Average content of soil heavy metals (mg/kg)		 农用地土壤污染风险筛选值超标率
Exceeding proportion to the risk screening
value of agricultural land soil (%)
Cd Pb Cr Hg As Cd Pb Cr Hg As
苎麻地Ramie field 0.27±0.01b 24.38±0.53a 70.86±1.74a 0.0403±0.0048a 3.11±0.33a 18.75 0 0 0 0
间套作旱地
Intercropping and relay-cropped dryland		 0.25±0.02c
23.38±0.80a
 68.43±2.03a
 0.0342±0.0058a
 2.21±0.18a
 25.00
 0
 0
 0
 0
水稻田Paddy field 0.31±0.01a 24.23±0.40a 69.50±1.89a 0.0459±0.0025a 2.47±0.09a 0.00 0 0 0 0

Table 3

Single-factor pollution index of soil heavy metals in different crop planting fields"

作物种植地
Crop planting field		 单因子污染指数Single-factor pollution index 污染等级Pollution level (%)
PCd PPb PCr PHg PAs PCd≤1.0 1.0<PCd≤2.0 PPb≤1.0 PCr≤1.0 PHg≤1.0 PAs≤1.0
苎麻地Ramie field 0.86±0.03a 0.35±0.01a 0.45±0.02a 0.0294±0.0041b 0.08±0.01ab 81.25 18.75 100 100 100 100
间套作旱地
Intercropping and relay-cropped dryland		 0.78±0.09a 0.28±0.04b 0.41±0.03a 0.0234±0.0051b 0.06±0.01b 75.00 25.00 100 100 100 100
水稻田Paddy field 0.58±0.03b 0.19±0.01c 0.24±0.00b 0.0803±0.0060a 0.10±0.00a 100.00 0.00 100 100 100 100

Table 4

Nemerow comprehensive pollution index under different crop planting fields"

作物种植地
Crop planting
field		 PN 污染等级
Pollution level (%)
范围
Range		 平均值
Average		 PN≤0.7 0.7<PN≤1
苎麻地Ramie field 0.54~0.79 0.66±0.02a 62.50 37.50
间套作旱地
Intercropping and relay-
cropped dryland		 0.25~0.78
 0.58±0.07a
 62.50
 37.50
水稻田Paddy field 0.36~0.55 0.44±0.02b 100.00 0.00

Table 5

The contents of heavy metals in different crops"

作物器官
Crop organ		 平均含量Average content (mg/kg) 超标率Exceeding proportion (%)
Cd Pb Cr Hg As Cd Pb Cr Hg As
苎麻根Ramie root 0.0063±0.0010b 0.1023±0.0108a 0.1208±0.0184a 0.0052±0.0007 0.0435±0.0043b / / / / /
玉米籽粒Maize grain 0.0141±0.0051b 0.0315±0.0039bc 0.1070±0.0080a ND 0.0035±0.0004d 0.00 0 0 0 0
马铃薯块茎Potato tuber 0.0203±0.0036b 0.0092±0.0007c 0.0107±0.0027b ND 0.0019±0.0002d 0.00 0 0 0 0
油菜籽Rapeseed 0.0293±0.0270b 0.0588±0.0129b 0.0975±0.0202a ND 0.0247±0.0074c 0.00 0 0 0 0
稻米Rice grain 0.1732±0.0363a 0.0266±0.0072bc 0.0582±0.0074ab ND 0.0678±0.0044a 30.00 0 0 0 0

Table 6

Single-factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals of rice grains %"

重金属
Heavy metal		 Pi 污染等级Pollution level PN 污染等级Pollution level
Pi≤1.0 1.0<Pi≤2.0 PN≤0.7 0.7<PN≤1 1<PN≤2
Cd 0.15~1.90 0.86±0.18a 70.00 30.00 0.25~1.38 0.65±0.12 60.00 30.00 10.00
Pb 0.01~0.31 0.13±0.04b 100.00 0.00
Cr 0.04~0.10 0.06±0.01b 100.00 0.00
As 0.21~0.50 0.33±0.03b 100.00 0.00

Table 7

The biological enrichment coefficients (K) of crops to soil heavy metals"

作物器官Crop organ Cd Pb Cr Hg As
苎麻根Ramie root 0.0238±0.0040b 0.0042±0.0004a 0.0017±0.0003a 0.1525±0.0275 0.0161±0.0021b
玉米籽粒Maize grain 0.0605±0.0241b 0.0014±0.0002bc 0.0016±0.0001a － 0.0017±0.0003c
马铃薯块茎Potato tuber 0.0728±0.0108b 0.0004±0.0000c 0.0002±0.0000b － 0.0010±0.0002c
油菜籽Rapeseed 0.1231±0.0231b 0.0026±0.0007b 0.0014±0.0003a － 0.0095±0.0031bc
稻米Rice grain 0.5703±0.1310a 0.0011±0.0003bc 0.0009±0.0001ab － 0.0280±0.0030a

Table 8

Heavy metal content and K of ramie soil and ramie root in non-mining area"

非矿区
Non-mining area		 土壤重金属含量
Content of heavy metals in soil (mg/kg)		 苎麻根重金属含量
Content of heavy metals in ramie roots (mg/kg)		 K
Cd Pb Cr Hg As Cd Pb Cr Hg As Cd Pb Cr Hg As
苎麻地Ramie fields 0.27 24.38 70.86 0.0403 3.11 0.0063 0.1023 0.1208 0.0052 0.0435 0.0238 0.0042 0.0017 0.1525 0.0161

Table 9

Soil properties in different crop planting fields"

作物种植地
Crop planting fields		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g/kg)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g/kg)		 碱解氮
Available nitrogen
(mg/kg)		 有效磷
Available
phosphorus (mg/kg)		 速效钾
Available
potassium (mg/kg)
苎麻地Ramie fields 5.23±0.22b 20.79±1.46b 1.07±0.09a 118.00±16.73a 51.94±11.56a 119.81±27.45a
间套作旱地Intercropping and relay-cropped drylands 5.82±0.44ab 14.54±1.62c 0.92±0.12a 84.50±12.37a 25.94±7.30ab 93.38±21.23b
水稻田Paddy fields 6.62±0.19a 27.18±1.73a 1.24±0.09a 87.11±8.36a 5.02±1.23b 98.11±15.05b

Table 10

Correlation analysis of soil heavy metals and soil physical and chemical properties"

指标Index Pb Cd Cr Hg As pH OM TN AN AP AK
Pb 1.000 0.482** 0.614** 0.183 0.311 0.065 0.477** 0.474** 0.028 -0.169 0.327
Cd 1.000 0.380* 0.186 0.279 0.376* 0.536** 0.531** 0.088 -0.342 0.227
Cr 1.000 -0.130 0.088 0.288 0.203 0.147 -0.070 -0.246 0.018
Hg 1.000 -0.029 -0.278 0.396* 0.432* 0.193 0.209 0.253
As 1.000 -0.250 0.178 0.228 0.257 0.031 0.193
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