聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂对东北春谷农艺性状、产量及氮素利用的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.01.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对东北春谷区肥料全基施背景下氮肥吸收、同化和利用效率低、流失和浪费严重的问题，2020-2021年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站，以张杂谷13号和华优谷9号为材料，设置裂区试验，聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂（polyaspartic acid-chitosan，PAC）处理为主区，氮肥梯度为副区，探究全基施背景下PAC与常规氮肥配施对东北春谷氮素利用的调控效应和增产增效机制。结果表明，相同施氮量水平下，与常规氮肥处理相比，PAC处理可增加2个谷子品种的株高、茎粗和叶面积指数，改良穗长、穗粗、单穗重和单穗粒重等穗部性状，提高花期和花后植株干物质积累量，提高谷子氮素积累量及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥表观利用率，最终提高产量。2020年张杂谷13号和华优谷9号增产幅度分别为11.24%~21.55%和5.53%~ 15.75%，2021年增产幅度分别为8.65%~14.22%和10.43%~16.17%。上述调控效应在中、低氮水平（75.0、112.5、150.0kg/hm²）下效果更为显著。综上所述，PAC配施氮肥可作为一项增产增效的全基施生产技术应用于我国东北春谷区。

关键词: 谷子, 聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂, 氮肥利用效率, 产量

Abstract:

To deal with the problem of low efficiency of nitrogen uptake, assimilation and utilization, and high rate of loss and waste under the background of one-time basic fertilizer application in the northeast China, a split plot experiment was conducted using foxtail millet varieties of Zhangzagu 13 (Z13) and Huayougu 9 (H9) in Gongzhuling Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (43o29'55" N, 124o48'43" E) in 2020 and 2021. Polyaspartic acid-chitosan (PAC) and different nitrogen application levels were main plot and secondary plot, respectively. This experiment was to explore the regulation effects of conventional nitrogen with PAC on nitrogen utilization and the mechanism of yield increase of foxtail millet in the northeast China under the background of one-time basic fertilizer application. The results showed that PAC increased plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index, and improved panicle characteristics including panicle length, panicle diameter, panicle weight and grains weight per panicle of two foxtail millet varieties compared with conventional nitrogen treatments under the same nitrogen application level. The dry matter in anthesis and post anthesis were also higher. PAC enhanced plant nitrogen accumulation, partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen, agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen and recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen, and finally increased the yield of two varieties. The yield of Z13 and H9 increased by 11.24%-21.55% and 5.53%-15.75%, respectively in 2020, and 8.65%-14.22% and 10.43%-16.17%, respectively in 2021. The increase effects of the items above were more significant under the low-middle nitrogen application levels (75.0, 112.5 and 150.0kg/ha). In conclusion, PAC combined with nitrogen fertilizer could be an important technique for achieving high grain yield and efficiency under the background of one-time basic fertilizer application in the northeast China.

Key words: Foxtail millet, Polyaspartic acid-chitosan, Nitrogen use efficiency, Yield

王琦, 许艳丽, 闫鹏, 董好胜, 张薇, 卢霖, 董志强. 聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂对东北春谷农艺性状、产量及氮素利用的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2023 (1): 58–67

Wang Qi, Xu Yanli, Yan Peng, Dong Haosheng, Zhang Wei, Lu Lin, Dong Zhiqiang. Effects of Polyaspartic Acid-Chitosan on Agronomic Traits, Yield and Nitrogen Use of Spring Foxtail Millet[J]. Crops, 2023(1): 58–67

图/表 9

表1

表2

不同施氮量下CN与PN处理对2个谷子品种产量及其构成因素的影响

年份 Year	品种 Variety	施氮水平 Nitrogen application level	处理 Treatment	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗数 Panicles number (×10⁴/hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per panicle	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
2020	Z13	N0	CN	3.01±0.01a	54.04±7.64d	2958.92±197.08e	3961.28±666.41e
			PN	3.20±0.02a	49.73±11.39d	3120.26±717.45e	4492.38±47.10e
		N1	CN	3.10±0.07a	74.68±1.41bcd	3336.44±64.81de	5210.65±269.69d
			PN	3.16±0.01a	82.64±6.94abc	4469.97±169.58bc	5833.84±115.27cd
		N2	CN	3.10±0.01a	72.20±4.62bcd	3219.22±139.57de	5086.68±154.24d
			PN	3.19±0.05a	82.53±1.30abc	4348.85±324.25bc	6084.11±181.29c
		N3	CN	3.11±0.04a	88.94±0.05ab	3808.47±97.49cd	5704.99±228.11cd
			PN	3.05±0.09a	101.18±9.35a	4149.58±300.65bc	6346.00±251.15bc
		N4	CN	3.08±0.05a	82.30±1.93abc	4352.51±289.94bc	6221.06±45.78bc
			PN	3.03±0.03a	79.75±12.27abc	4764.54±276.44ab	7218.13±170.15a
		N5	CN	3.04±0.06a	61.31±2.88cd	5171.64±121.91a	5643.82±205.85cd
			PN	3.14±0.02a	82.43±14.50abc	5337.16±278.97a	6859.80±54.30ab
	H9	N0	CN	2.77±0.06a	42.90±2.77c	3259.58±294.10f	2841.87±266.10e
			PN	2.87±0.04a	44.07±1.39c	3179.86±397.05f	2665.03±576.40e
		N1	CN	2.96±0.04a	48.45±5.47bc	3762.92±276.60ef	4819.18±162.46cd
			PN	2.77±0.17a	47.30±1.45bc	5627.07±483.28abc	5102.19±41.82bcd
		N2	CN	2.90±0.06a	48.88±0.57bc	3704.04±110.08ef	4708.26±40.61d
			PN	2.71±0.16a	54.23±5.33ab	5970.81±488.05ab	5449.61±182.03ab
		N3	CN	2.84±0.03a	54.30±0.03ab	4260.95±488.52def	5191.22±319.75bcd
			PN	2.93±0.03a	61.75±0.00a	4655.47±346.73cde	5807.44±189.45a
		N4	CN	2.87±0.05a	49.42±0.35bc	4304.03±28.78def	5322.38±16.18abc
			PN	2.71±0.05a	48.76±1.11bc	4989.91±134.54bcd	5573.23±114.46ab
		N5	CN	2.89±0.07a	44.44±1.54c	5634.94±224.43abc	5358.65±90.55abc
			PN	2.82±0.06a	47.29±1.36bc	6178.41±152.83a	5654.90±225.72ab
2021	Z13	N0	CN	2.99±0.01a	30.61±1.57c	2795.47±25.62f	4401.94±86.96g
			PN	2.98±0.01a	33.04±3.44c	2804.69±30.94f	4703.18±43.57g
		N1	CN	2.98±0.01a	53.96±3.92b	3278.62±5.73e	6058.60±144.94f
			PN	2.76±0.00d	61.47±1.48ab	3806.51±18.85d	6920.37±115.53e
		N2	CN	2.84±0.02bcd	54.09±0.17b	3968.71±135.66cd	6909.46±128.48e
			PN	2.88±0.02b	62.08±0.24ab	4522.32±105.31b	7528.52±220.42cd
		N3	CN	2.80±0.05cd	53.93±0.94b	4405.35±315.60bc	7431.84±166.51cde
			PN	2.92±0.01ab	67.86±7.28a	5082.53±216.23a	8331.60±174.92a
		N4	CN	2.79±0.03cd	60.30±2.92ab	3861.02±123.59d	7554.17±154.64cd
			PN	2.84±0.02bcd	67.82±1.00a	4373.39±92.35bc	8207.58±116.12ab
		N5	CN	2.84±0.05bc	54.36±1.99b	4448.14±100.82b	7014.04±189.48de
			PN	2.88±0.03bc	53.83±2.00b	4804.27±215.53ab	7728.81±387.39bc
	H9	N0	CN	2.78±0.04a	31.55±3.44e	2715.21±69.13f	3394.46±321.84e
			PN	2.77±0.05ab	33.33±1.11cde	2737.97±72.11f	3451.73±92.78e
		N1	CN	2.65±0.01bc	43.06±1.81ab	3253.50±14.89e	4435.98±47.33d
			PN	2.65±0.03bc	47.33±3.67a	3924.53±69.32d	4900.02±42.41bc
		N2	CN	2.72±0.04abc	43.26±2.42ab	3228.59±43.95e	4582.70±157.50cd
			PN	2.68±0.06abc	46.69±3.12a	3836.65±46.26d	5323.72±45.71b
		N3	CN	2.69±0.04abc	41.50±1.97abc	3701.82±56.01d	5204.25±17.00b
			PN	2.74±0.01ab	44.32±0.50ab	4406.01±109.46c	5878.46±78.52a
		N4	CN	2.67±0.00abc	37.52±1.96bcde	3848.09±126.56d	4728.62±80.51cd
			PN	2.72±0.03abc	40.64±1.25abcd	4575.28±86.38c	5221.79±154.69b
		N5	CN	2.62±0.05c	32.37±2.72de	5946.01±128.77a	4590.14±171.44d
			PN	2.72±0.03abc	33.32±4.88cde	5452.32±240.20b	5244.53±216.27b

表2

表3

图1

图2

图3

图4

表4

表5

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处理 Treatment	基施氮肥用量 Basic application amount of nitrogen (kg/hm²)	PASP含量 PASP content (‰)	CTS含量 CTS content (‰)
CN0	0.0	0	0.00
CN1	75.0	0	0.00
CN2	112.5	0	0.00
CN3	150.0	0	0.00
CN4	225.0	0	0.00
CN5	337.5	0	0.00
PN0	0.0	3	0.45
PN1	75.0	3	0.45
PN2	112.5	3	0.45
PN3	150.0	3	0.45
PN4	225.0	3	0.45
PN5	337.5	3	0.45

品种 Variety	施氮水平 Nitrogen application level	处理 Treatment	穗长 Panicle length (cm)	穗粗 Panicle diameter (mm)	单穗重 Panicle weight (g)	单穗粒重 Grain weight per panicle (g)
Z13	N0	CN	20.06±0.22g	20.94±0.60f	13.08±0.40h	9.59±0.33f
		PN	20.08±0.21g	20.70±0.05f	12.21±0.15h	10.34±1.03f
	N1	CN	21.91±0.46f	23.48±0.38e	13.64±0.26gh	10.36±0.42ef
		PN	23.73±0.38e	26.06±0.55cd	17.82±0.57cde	14.13±0.57bc
	N2	CN	23.71±0.31e	23.76±0.68e	14.84±0.37fg	9.97±0.46ef
		PN	25.64±0.27c	25.71±0.64cd	18.91±0.84bcd	13.82±0.82bc
	N3	CN	24.04±0.12de	24.42±0.35de	15.86±0.55efg	11.82±0.15de
		PN	24.26±0.28de	26.57±0.39c	16.03±0.52ef	12.60±0.58cd
	N4	CN	24.96±0.33cd	27.18±0.08bc	17.70±0.39de	13.40±0.81cd
		PN	24.30±0.52de	26.43±0.75c	20.12±1.77abc	14.45±0.85bc
	N5	CN	28.11±0.23a	29.41±0.55a	20.33±0.28ab	15.74±0.49ab
		PN	26.92±0.55b	28.84±1.03ab	22.29±1.02a	16.75±0.81a
H9	N0	CN	21.85±0.58h	20.51±1.02e	10.79±1.22d	9.09±1.00e
		PN	20.57±0.74h	19.01±0.83e	10.50±1.37d	9.16±1.26e
	N1	CN	24.60±0.27g	22.75±0.43d	14.75±1.15c	11.13±0.80de
		PN	27.04±0.49cde	26.54±0.22b	19.10±0.18ab	15.43±0.42abc
	N2	CN	25.41±0.10fg	24.60±0.13c	14.55±0.58c	10.77±0.53e
		PN	28.44±0.20ab	26.46±0.17b	20.01±0.85a	16.06±0.59ab
	N3	CN	26.18±0.12ef	26.00±0.10bc	16.69±1.09bc	12.07±1.27de
		PN	27.69±0.14bcd	26.24±0.14b	16.99±1.01bc	13.65±1.14bcd
	N4	CN	26.71±0.50de	25.69±0.53bc	16.43±0.53bc	12.34±0.28de
		PN	28.08±0.21abc	26.08±1.01bc	16.80±0.33bc	13.52±0.25cd
	N5	CN	28.39±0.33ab	29.94±0.39a	21.31±1.70a	16.29±0.70a
		PN	29.08±0.08a	28.85±0.42a	21.46±0.32a	17.41±0.41a

品种 Variety	施氮水平 Nitrogen application level	处理 Treatment	花期植株氮素积累量 N accumulation in plant at anthesis stage (kg/hm²)	收获期总氮素积累量 Total N accumulation in plant at harvesting stage (kg/hm²)	籽粒含氮量 N accumulation in grain (kg/hm²)
Z13	N0	CN	35.15±0.28i	103.63±7.45h	57.58±8.26g
		PN	33.84±1.24i	115.25±4.01h	61.82±3.91g
	N1	CN	74.39±0.71h	145.24±8.45g	87.94±0.56f
		PN	88.29±0.36g	173.30±7.00f	100.60±1.99e
	N2	CN	85.94±0.84g	164.55±4.42fg	84.61±2.57f
		PN	100.97±0.20f	198.03±4.52e	106.63±3.18de
	N3	CN	110.00±1.80e	206.31±9.65e	103.44±1.72e
		PN	128.99±1.32d	234.10±2.93d	118.61±0.81bc
	N4	CN	139.13±0.52c	266.82±7.68c	115.76±0.85cd
		PN	153.44±0.50a	294.00±3.26b	137.99±3.25a
	N5	CN	143.72±1.86b	312.47±12.45ab	100.57±3.67e
		PN	152.54±1.84a	327.87±7.03a	127.27±1.01bc
H9	N0	CN	32.58±1.49i	74.38±5.56f	43.41±5.32e
		PN	38.13±0.61i	85.03±5.49f	44.23±5.42e
	N1	CN	51.21±0.31h	122.40±3.46e	78.07±2.63d
		PN	75.29±0.56g	144.05±0.77d	94.32±0.77c
	N2	CN	77.48±0.35g	151.51±1.96d	81.13±0.70d
		PN	89.95±0.37e	174.89±3.40c	102.36±3.42abc
	N3	CN	82.20±1.39f	176.72±1.39c	100.23±2.01bc
		PN	96.54±0.11d	204.31±3.69b	111.56±3.64a
	N4	CN	119.07±2.32c	213.65±0.94b	102.92±0.31abc
		PN	140.17±0.71a	234.53±2.62a	110.60±2.27ab
	N5	CN	136.08±1.02b	231.33±2.81a	101.49±1.71abc
		PN	147.18±2.08a	234.92±6.51a	109.86±4.39ab

品种 Variety	施氮水平 Nitrogen application level	处理 Treatment	氮肥偏生产力 PFP (kg/kg)	氮肥农学效率 AE (kg/kg)	氮肥表观利用率 RE (%)
Z13	N1	CN	69.48±3.60b	16.66±0.64a	55.48±1.46e
		PN	77.78±1.54a	17.89±0.88a	77.40±1.92ab
	N2	CN	45.21±1.37d	10.00±0.36d	54.15±1.87e
		PN	54.08±1.61c	14.15±0.73b	73.58±1.77abc
	N3	CN	38.03±1.52e	11.62±0.58cd	68.45±2.06c
		PN	42.31±1.67de	12.36±0.20c	79.23±1.95a
	N4	CN	27.65±0.20f	10.04±0.20d	72.53±1.62bc
		PN	32.08±0.76f	12.11±0.76c	79.44±1.45a
	N5	CN	16.72±0.61g	4.99±0.61f	61.88±3.69d
		PN	20.33±0.16g	7.01±0.16e	63.00±2.08d
H9	N1	CN	64.26±2.17b	26.36±2.17b	64.03±1.21cd
		PN	68.03±0.56a	32.50±0.56a	78.70±1.03a
	N2	CN	41.85±0.36d	16.59±0.36d	68.56±1.74b
		PN	48.44±1.62c	24.75±1.62b	79.88±0.66a
	N3	CN	34.61±2.13e	15.66±2.13d	68.22±0.92bc
		PN	38.72±1.26d	20.95±1.26c	79.53±2.46a
	N4	CN	23.66±0.07f	11.02±0.07ef	61.90±0.42d
		PN	24.77±0.51f	12.93±0.51de	66.45±1.17bc
	N5	CN	15.88±0.27g	7.46±0.27f	46.50±0.83e
		PN	16.76±0.67g	8.86±0.67f	44.41±1.93e