Crops ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (5): 238-248.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.05.034

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Effects of Combined Application of Biochar and Phosphate Fertilizer on Rice Growth and Yield

Liu Hui1(), Long Xueyi2, Jiao Yan2, Wang Lihong3()   

  1. 1College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
    2College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
    3School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2022-04-22 Revised:2022-05-17 Online:2023-10-15 Published:2023-10-16

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Abstract:

To investigate the effects of biochar combined with phosphorus fertilizer on the growth, development, and yield of rice, in order to provide a theoretical basis for ensuring food security and improving fertilizer utilization efficiency in black soil areas, using a pot experiment, three levels of biochar (0, 28, 55t/ha) and phosphorus fertilizer (20, 40, 60kg/ha) were set, a total of nine combinations, and the conventional treatment (CK) without biochar and phosphorus fertilizer as control, to study the response of rice growth, development, and yield to biochar and phosphorus fertilizer under controlled irrigation conditions. The results showed that the treatment (biochar was 55t/ha, phosphorus was 40kg/ha, B3P2) increased yield by 46.53% compared to CK treatment. Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between photosynthetic efficiency and yield, but there was a significant positive correlation between leaf area index during filling stage, aboveground dry matter accumulation during heading stage, effective panicles, and grains per panicle with yield, while there was a significant negative correlation between seed-setting rate and yield. The combination application of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer could improve the plant height during the heading and filling stages of rice, increase the leaf area index at each growth stage of rice, increase the accumulation of dry matter during the tillering and jointing stages, and enhance the photosynthesis of rice during the jointing stage. B3P2 treatment was the best treatment for all indicators. The combination of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer can effectively increase the length of rice panicles, increase the number of effective panicles, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight, thereby significantly improving rice yield. The optimal combination application mode of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer in the experimental area was 56t/ha of biochar and 43.75kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer.

Key words: Biochar, Phosphate fertilizer, Rice, Agronomic traits, Photosynthesis, Yield

Table 1

Water management in different growth stages"

项目
Item		 分蘖前期
Early tillering stage		 分蘖中期
Middle tillering stage		 分蘖末期
Late tillering stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Mature stage
灌溉上限Irrigation maximum 50mm 50mm 100% 35mm 40mm 100% 20mm
灌溉下限Irrigation minimum 90% 85% 60% 85% 10mm 70% 60%

Fig.1

Effects of combined application of biochar and phosphate fertilizer on rice plant height Different small letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at the same growth stage (P < 0.05), the same below"

Table 2

Two-factor analysis of variance for plant height of each treatment (F-value)"

因素
Factor		 分蘖期
Tillering
stage		 拔节期
Jointing
stage		 抽穗期
Heading
stage		 灌浆期
Filling
stage		 成熟期
Maturity
stage
B 2.36 2.00 25.39** 23.57** 7.70**
P 8.35** 8.61** 4.86* 9.92** 0.56
B×P 0.31 3.50* 5.75** 5.83** 7.35**

Fig.2

Effects of combined application of biochar and phosphate fertilizer on leaf area index"

Table 3

Two-factor analysis of variance for leaf area index of each treatment (F-value)"

因素
Factor		 分蘖期
Tillering
stage		 拔节期
Jointing
stage		 抽穗期
Heading
stage		 灌浆期
Filling
stage		 成熟期
Mature
stage
B 8.14** 6.22** 33.74** 42.72** 34.86**
P 4.65* 26.21** 80.11** 34.51** 4.18*
B×P 3.49* 9.37** 11.75** 3.49* 2.74

Fig.3

Effects of combined application of biochar and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic indexes at jointing stage of rice"

Table 4

Two-factor analysis of variance for photosynthetic indexes of each treatment at rice jointing stage (F-value)"

因素Factor Pn Gs Tr Ci
B 4.06* 5.26* 101.01** 14.81**
P 16.47** 4.51* 20.86** 11.71**
B×P 11.95** 8.14** 25.42** 10.81**

Table 5

"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期
Tillering stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
B1P1 3.00±0.80bcd 4.05±0.20d 7.65±1.42d 19.24±1.70e 30.69±1.67de
B1P2 3.20±0.40bc 4.23±0.46d 11.60±2.08ab 21.13±3.32de 32.13±1.53cde
B1P3 2.45±0.38cde 4.59±0.34c 10.35±1.15bc 25.01±2.15cd 31.32±2.71cde
B2P1 1.79±0.22e 4.40±0.71d 8.38±1.82cd 19.81±4.11e 30.97±3.61cde
B2P2 2.40±0.42e 5.02±0.28b 9.58±0.54bc 18.97±2.62ef 31.73±1.86cde
B2P3 3.96±0.70ab 6.39±0.46b 8.44±1.39cd 26.76±4.08bc 34.87±0.43bcd
B3P1 2.60±0.48de 4.16±0.63d 11.99±1.56ab 27.88±0.68bc 35.28±3.36bc
B3P2 4.65±0.23a 7.24±0.42a 14.00±0.78a 30.04±3.10b 38.45±2.35b
B3P3 2.95±0.42cde 5.17±0.27c 10.77±1.84bc 37.44±1.66a 43.36±2.10a
CK 1.85±0.17e 3.31±0.08e 6.58±0.87d 17.83±0.19f 28.07±0.99e
F值F-value B 3.71* 23.33** 10.98** 40.06** 27.35**
P 8.54** 56.37** 8.62** 19.71** 7.14**
B×P 12.41** 27.81** 1.40 1.29 2.15

Table 6

Parameter estimation and model validity of Logistic growth equation of different treatments"

指标Index B1P1 B1P2 B1P3 B2P1 B2P2 B2P3 B3P1 B3P2 B3P3 CK
A1 3.15 3.18 3.07 2.28 2.58 4.64 3.04 4.79 3.11 2.44
A2 30.98 33.17 31.41 31.49 32.71 34.89 35.42 38.61 43.38 28.31
t0 91.26 89.50 86.92 90.30 89.48 89.09 86.72 87.05 87.07 90.81
p 15.71 10.74 18.04 13.45 11.10 23.31 16.85 16.24 26.19 15.94
R2 0.9974 0.9997 0.9942 0.9958 0.9961 0.9951 0.9956 0.9988 0.9933 0.9935

Table 7

Effects of combined application of biochar and phosphate fertilizer on rice yield and its components"

处理
Treatment		 穗长
Panicle length (cm)		 穗数
Panicle number		 穗粒数
Grains per panicle		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 结实率
Seed-setting rate (%)		 产量（g/盆）
Yield (g/pot)
B1P1 14.30±1.30bc 13.30±1.81a 51.00±7.21b 28.66±0.51a 96.41±1.38a 52.88±2.59de
B1P2 16.87±0.65ab 13.80±1.59a 52.00±3.46b 29.23±0.63a 96.89±0.69a 60.76±5.78bcd
B1P3 17.63±0.32a 13.05±1.33a 66.00±1.73a 28.77±0.03a 96.81±1.67a 68.42±1.86ab
B2P1 16.53±1.42ab 10.97±0.45bc 64.33±7.23a 28.92±0.41a 96.96±0.17a 56.63±1.82d
B2P2 15.47±1.04ab 12.67±0.63ab 50.67±3.51b 28.59±0.34a 96.89±1.16a 57.89±6.74cd
B2P3 17.07±0.97a 10.59±0.15c 65.67±7.23a 29.03±0.53a 96.63±1.29a 59.70±3.46bcd
B3P1 17.37±1.76a 11.87±0.81abc 64.67±9.50a 28.99±0.71a 95.70±0.89a 66.68±4.55abc
B3P2 16.43±0.96ab 13.65±1.45a 70.33±7.23a 27.60±0.09b 95.26±1.76a 72.64±6.23a
B3P3 16.23±0.60ab 11.75±0.66abc 65.67±3.06a 27.69±0.23b 92.74±1.72b 66.26±6.52abc
CK 12.73±2.86c 10.97±0.15bc 44.33±2.52b 28.83±0.07a 96.11±0.78a 49.58±6.39e
F值F-value B 0.36 6.98** 6.87** 9.08** 8.68** 13.27**
P 1.76 5.13* 4.20* 2.07 1.64 4.54*
B×P 4.29* 0.42 3.86* 4.56* 1.56 3.30*

Fig.4

Correlation analysis of photosynthetic indexes, yield and its components of rice “*”indicates P < 0.05,“**”indicates P < 0.01, A, M, X1, X2, X3, X4 and Y indicate the leaf area index of rice at grain filling stage, aboveground dry matter mass, number of effective panicles, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, seed-setting rate and yield at heading stage, respectively"

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