作物杂志,2021, 第2期: 108–115 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.02.015

所属专题: 杂粮作物

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对高粱产量、品质及氮利用效率的影响

曹晓燕1, 武爱莲2, 王劲松2, 董二伟2, 焦晓燕2()   

  1. 1山西大学生物工程学院,030006,山西太原
    2山西农业大学(山西省农业科学院)资源环境学院,030031,山西太原
  • 收稿日期:2020-11-20 修回日期:2021-02-05 出版日期:2021-04-15 发布日期:2021-04-16
  • 通讯作者: 焦晓燕
  • 作者简介:曹晓燕,研究方向为植物营养与养分资源高效利用,E-mail: 1289561127@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-06-13.5-A20);山西省面上青年基金项目(201901D211558);山西省农业科学院国家基金培育项目(YGJPY2006)

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Sorghum

Cao Xiaoyan1, Wu Ailian2, Wang Jinsong2, Dong Erwei2, Jiao Xiaoyan2()   

  1. 1College of Bioengineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
    2College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University (Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2020-11-20 Revised:2021-02-05 Online:2021-04-15 Published:2021-04-16
  • Contact: Jiao Xiaoyan

摘要:

为了更好地对高粱进行氮素管理,采用盆栽试验研究了施氮量对高粱生长、籽粒产量及品质、氮素累积及转运利用的影响。选取肥力较低的土壤,设6个氮水平:0(N0)、0.05(N1)、0.1(N2)、0.2(N3)、0.4(N4)和0.6g/kg(N5)(风干土)。结果表明,N3处理干物质累积量、叶片SPAD值、籽粒产量、穗粒数及收获指数均显著高于N0和N5处理;N3处理籽粒淀粉含量低于N1处理,但淀粉产量最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒单宁含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,蛋白质总产量以N3和N4最高。随施氮量的增加叶鞘中NO3--N含量增加,N3处理挑旗期和穗花期叶鞘中NO3--N含量明显高于N0、N1和N2,但在灌浆期N0~N3处理间硝态氮含量没有显著差异;N3处理从茎叶向籽粒的转运率最高,达到76.76%。综上,适宜的施氮量有利于高粱生长及产量的提高,且在生长前期提高了叶鞘中硝态氮累积,能协调籽粒产量和功能成分的关系,获得较高的淀粉和蛋白总产量。

关键词: 高粱, 施氮量, 籽粒产量, 淀粉含量与产量, 氮利用效率, 氮转移

Abstract:

To establish the nitrogen management practice for grain sorghum, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on its growth, grain yield and quality, N accumulation and translocation. Less fertile air-dried soil was selected with six nitrogen levels, 0 (N0), 0.05 (N1), 0.1 (N2), 0.2 (N3), 0.4 (N4), and 0.6 (N5) g/kg. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, leaf SPAD value, grain yield, number of grains per panicle, and harvest index under N3 treatment were significantly higher than those under N0 and N5 treatments. The starch content in N3 treatment was lower than that in N1 treatment, but the starch yield of N3 was the highest. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization, the grain tannin content decreased and protein content increased, and the total protein output was the highest in N3 and N4. High NO3--N concentration of leaf sheath was induced by high N fertilization intensity. It is worthy of mentioning that NO3--N concentration of leaf sheath of N3 treatment was significantly higher than those of N0, N1, and N2 at flag leaf and anthesis stages. However, there was a similar value of NO3--N concentration of leaf sheath for these four treatments at filling stage. N3 treatment induced the highest percentage of N translocation from shoot to grain, which was 76.76%. In conclusion, appropriate nitrogen fertilization was beneficial to the growth and yield of sorghum, and increased NO3--N accumulation in leaf sheath at the early stage of growth, which could coordinate the relationship between grain yield and functional components and obtain higher total starch and protein yield.

Key words: Sorghum, N fertilization rate, Grain yield, Starch content and yield, N use efficiency, N translocation

图1

施氮量对高粱干物质累积量的影响

图2

施氮量对单株叶面积和SPAD值的影响 不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著,下同

表1

施氮量对高粱产量和收获指数的影响

处理Treatment 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)
穗粒数
Grains number
per panicle
籽粒产量(g/盆)
Grain yield
(g/pot)
收获指数
Harvest
index (%)
N0 16.82±0.28c 113.12±3.08c 5.70±0.11c 27.57±0.59c
N1 21.98±0.32b 354.41±11.18b 23.35±0.47b 45.50±0.43a
N2 22.60±2.04b 448.99±25.52a 29.60±0.79b 47.42±0.70a
N3 22.23±1.35b 545.10±37.34a 34.21±0.81a 49.51±0.78a
N4 28.80±0.46a 366.50±13.95b 31.64±1.11b 44.57±0.01a
N5 23.76±0.43b 296.60±9.54b 21.12±0.54b 42.25±1.17b

表2

施氮量对高粱籽粒品质的影响

处理
Treatment
单宁
Tannic
(g/kg)
淀粉Starch 蛋白质Protein
含量(%)
Content
单籽粒产量
Production per
grain (mg)
总产量(g/盆)
Total production
(g/pot)
含量(%)
Content
单籽粒产量
Production per
grain (mg)
总产量(g/盆)
Total production
(g/pot)
N0 16.5±0.1a 69.6±0.4b 11.8±0.2d 4.0±0.1e 6.3±0.1d 1.2±0.0e 0.4±0.0e
N1 15.3±0.4ab 73.7±0.2a 16.2±0.2b 17.2±0.4b 6.2±0.2d 1.4±0.0de 1.4±0.0d
N2 15.2±0.9ab 71.3±0.1b 14.5±0.7cd 21.1±0.6a 8.0±0.1c 1.6±0.1d 2.4±0.1c
N3 14.2±0.8ab 67.6±0.6c 14.4±1.2cd 23.1±0.7a 11.7±0.1b 2.5±0.2c 4.0±0.1a
N4 12.9±0.1b 67.0±0.7c 19.3±0.4a 21.2±0.7a 12.8±0.2a 3.7±0.1a 4.0±0.1a
N5 14.5±0.2ab 66.4±0.2c 15.8±0.3c 14.0±0.3c 13.2±0.3a 3.1±0.1b 2.8±0.1b

表3

施氮量对叶鞘中硝态氮含量的影响

处理
Treatment
挑旗期
Flag leaf stage
穗花期
Anthesis stage
灌浆期
Grain filling stage
N0 46.3±4.7c 27.5±6.1c 56.3±8.8b
N1 34.5±0.5c 25.0±2.0c 29.6±1.3b
N2 63.2±29.8c 36.8±1.0c 30.3±0.7b
N3 1903.3±322.0bc 756.3±62.7b 45.9±3.7b
N4 2878.5±656.2ab 3772.6±602.7a 2800.0±271.4a
N5 4197.4±828.5a 4343.2±310.5a 6804.4±119.6a

表4

施氮量对各器官中氮含量的影响

处理
Treatment
穗花期Anthesis stage 收获期Harvest stage
茎叶Shoot 花穗Panicle 茎叶Shoot 籽粒Grain 穗芯Inflorenscence
N0 5.35±0.10d 10.40±0.43c 3.59±0.07d 10.93±0.21c 4.17±0.25c
N1 6.92±0.18d 12.30±0.11b 3.73±0.16d 9.87±0.25c 3.41±0.07c
N2 9.36±0.13c 14.53±0.27a 4.22±0.11d 12.85±0.13c 3.80±0.35c
N3 13.98±0.77b 15.93±0.74a 5.32±0.22c 18.75±0.21b 5.51±0.05b
N4 15.33±0.31ab 15.30±0.64a 8.71±0.25b 20.40±0.30ab 6.11±0.24ab
N5 16.05±0.31a 15.20±0.41a 12.10±0.47a 21.13±0.50a 6.86±0.20a

图3

施氮量对各部位氮素累积的影响

表5

施氮量对茎叶向籽粒氮转运的影响

处理
Treatment
N转运量
(mg/盆)
N translocation
(mg/pot)
转运N占
籽粒N比例
Proportion of N translocation to grain (%)
营养器官
氮转运率
N translocation
rate of source-
sink (%)
N0 31.59±0.62c 49.89±0.58b 39.70±0.76c
N1 155.09±11.96b 67.48±5.47ab 63.33±1.22b
N2 272.55±11.74b 71.60±1.67a 70.40±0.49ab
N3 490.11±32.08a 76.45±4.79a 76.76±0.86a
N4 470.19±44.33a 72.54±5.30a 61.09±1.93ab
N5 235.29±32.22b 52.16±5.18b 44.12±4.86c

表6

施氮量对氮利用的影响

处理
Treatment
氮利用效率
N utilization
efficiency (%)
氮偏生产力
Partial productivity
of N fertilizer (g/g)
氮生理利用效率
Physiological N
use efficiency (g/g)
N0 - 49.2±1.1c -
N1 49.5±0.7a 70.0±0.8a 81.4±1.1a
N2 45.8±1.4a 57.3±0.4b 59.7±0.5b
N3 40.8±0.8b 39.6±2.1d 40.0±0.7c
N4 24.6±0.9c 32.5±0.2e 30.1±0.3d
N5 12.5±0.3d 27.4±0.8f 23.4±0.9e

图4

籽粒淀粉含量、籽粒产量及淀粉产量对茎叶氮含量的响应

图5

籽粒淀粉含量、籽粒产量及淀粉产量对叶鞘硝态氮含量的响应

表7

籽粒产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量(y)与茎叶氮含量(x)的关系

生育期Growth stage 指标Index 响应曲线Regression equation 决定系数Coefficient of determination (R2) P
花期Anthesis 籽粒产量 y=-63.33x2+152.12x-55.35 0.849 0.000
籽粒淀粉含量 y=24.06x3-86.42x2+91.78x+42.27 0.854 0.000
淀粉产量 y=-46.49x2+109.81x-39.60 0.838 0.000
收获期Harvest 籽粒产量 y=229.77x3-643.40x2+548.42x-109.09 0.652 0.000
籽粒淀粉含量 y=-21.46x3+63.69x2-62.44x+87.00 0.626 0.000
淀粉产量 y=154.57x3-430.78x2+364.46x-71.14 0.585 0.000

表8

籽粒产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量(y)与叶鞘硝态氮含量(x)的关系

生育期Growth stage 指标Index 响应曲线Regression equation 决定系数Coefficient of determination (R2) P
拔节期Booting 籽粒产量 y=9.88x0.13 0.211 0.024
籽粒淀粉含量 y=-1.21E-10x3+1.41E-6x2-0.005x+71.78 0.724 0.000
淀粉产量 y=7.49x0.12 0.166 0.048
花期Anthesis 籽粒产量 y=11.00x0.12 0.197 0.030
籽粒淀粉含量 y=75.03x0.02 0.720 0.000
淀粉产量 y=8.25x0.10 0.153 0.058
灌浆期Filling 籽粒产量(y) y=17.27x0.04 0.021 0.494
籽粒淀粉含量(y) y=73.88x0.01 0.523 0.000
淀粉产量(y) y=12.76x0.03 0.010 0.640
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