施氮量对高粱产量、品质及氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2021.02.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了更好地对高粱进行氮素管理,采用盆栽试验研究了施氮量对高粱生长、籽粒产量及品质、氮素累积及转运利用的影响。选取肥力较低的土壤,设6个氮水平：0（N0）、0.05（N1）、0.1（N2）、0.2（N3）、0.4（N4）和0.6g/kg（N5）（风干土）。结果表明,N3处理干物质累积量、叶片SPAD值、籽粒产量、穗粒数及收获指数均显著高于N0和N5处理;N3处理籽粒淀粉含量低于N1处理,但淀粉产量最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒单宁含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,蛋白质总产量以N3和N4最高。随施氮量的增加叶鞘中NO₃^--N含量增加,N3处理挑旗期和穗花期叶鞘中NO₃^--N含量明显高于N0、N1和N2,但在灌浆期N0~N3处理间硝态氮含量没有显著差异;N3处理从茎叶向籽粒的转运率最高,达到76.76%。综上,适宜的施氮量有利于高粱生长及产量的提高,且在生长前期提高了叶鞘中硝态氮累积,能协调籽粒产量和功能成分的关系,获得较高的淀粉和蛋白总产量。

关键词: 高粱, 施氮量, 籽粒产量, 淀粉含量与产量, 氮利用效率, 氮转移

Abstract:

To establish the nitrogen management practice for grain sorghum, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on its growth, grain yield and quality, N accumulation and translocation. Less fertile air-dried soil was selected with six nitrogen levels, 0 (N0), 0.05 (N1), 0.1 (N2), 0.2 (N3), 0.4 (N4), and 0.6 (N5) g/kg. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, leaf SPAD value, grain yield, number of grains per panicle, and harvest index under N3 treatment were significantly higher than those under N0 and N5 treatments. The starch content in N3 treatment was lower than that in N1 treatment, but the starch yield of N3 was the highest. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization, the grain tannin content decreased and protein content increased, and the total protein output was the highest in N3 and N4. High NO₃^--N concentration of leaf sheath was induced by high N fertilization intensity. It is worthy of mentioning that NO₃^--N concentration of leaf sheath of N3 treatment was significantly higher than those of N0, N1, and N2 at flag leaf and anthesis stages. However, there was a similar value of NO₃^--N concentration of leaf sheath for these four treatments at filling stage. N3 treatment induced the highest percentage of N translocation from shoot to grain, which was 76.76%. In conclusion, appropriate nitrogen fertilization was beneficial to the growth and yield of sorghum, and increased NO₃^--N accumulation in leaf sheath at the early stage of growth, which could coordinate the relationship between grain yield and functional components and obtain higher total starch and protein yield.

Key words: Sorghum, N fertilization rate, Grain yield, Starch content and yield, N use efficiency, N translocation

曹晓燕, 武爱莲, 王劲松, 董二伟, 焦晓燕. 施氮量对高粱产量、品质及氮利用效率的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2021 (2): 108–115

Cao Xiaoyan, Wu Ailian, Wang Jinsong, Dong Erwei, Jiao Xiaoyan. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Sorghum[J]. Crops, 2021(2): 108–115

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处理Treatment	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Grains number per panicle	籽粒产量(g/盆) Grain yield (g/pot)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
N0	16.82±0.28c	113.12±3.08c	5.70±0.11c	27.57±0.59c
N1	21.98±0.32b	354.41±11.18b	23.35±0.47b	45.50±0.43a
N2	22.60±2.04b	448.99±25.52a	29.60±0.79b	47.42±0.70a
N3	22.23±1.35b	545.10±37.34a	34.21±0.81a	49.51±0.78a
N4	28.80±0.46a	366.50±13.95b	31.64±1.11b	44.57±0.01a
N5	23.76±0.43b	296.60±9.54b	21.12±0.54b	42.25±1.17b

处理 Treatment	单宁 Tannic (g/kg)	淀粉Starch			蛋白质Protein
处理 Treatment	单宁 Tannic (g/kg)	含量(%) Content	单籽粒产量 Production per grain (mg)	总产量(g/盆) Total production (g/pot)	含量(%) Content	单籽粒产量 Production per grain (mg)	总产量(g/盆) Total production (g/pot)
N0	16.5±0.1a	69.6±0.4b	11.8±0.2d	4.0±0.1e	6.3±0.1d	1.2±0.0e	0.4±0.0e
N1	15.3±0.4ab	73.7±0.2a	16.2±0.2b	17.2±0.4b	6.2±0.2d	1.4±0.0de	1.4±0.0d
N2	15.2±0.9ab	71.3±0.1b	14.5±0.7cd	21.1±0.6a	8.0±0.1c	1.6±0.1d	2.4±0.1c
N3	14.2±0.8ab	67.6±0.6c	14.4±1.2cd	23.1±0.7a	11.7±0.1b	2.5±0.2c	4.0±0.1a
N4	12.9±0.1b	67.0±0.7c	19.3±0.4a	21.2±0.7a	12.8±0.2a	3.7±0.1a	4.0±0.1a
N5	14.5±0.2ab	66.4±0.2c	15.8±0.3c	14.0±0.3c	13.2±0.3a	3.1±0.1b	2.8±0.1b

处理 Treatment	挑旗期 Flag leaf stage	穗花期 Anthesis stage	灌浆期 Grain filling stage
N0	46.3±4.7c	27.5±6.1c	56.3±8.8b
N1	34.5±0.5c	25.0±2.0c	29.6±1.3b
N2	63.2±29.8c	36.8±1.0c	30.3±0.7b
N3	1903.3±322.0bc	756.3±62.7b	45.9±3.7b
N4	2878.5±656.2ab	3772.6±602.7a	2800.0±271.4a
N5	4197.4±828.5a	4343.2±310.5a	6804.4±119.6a

处理 Treatment	穗花期Anthesis stage		收获期Harvest stage
处理 Treatment	茎叶Shoot	花穗Panicle	茎叶Shoot	籽粒Grain	穗芯Inflorenscence
N0	5.35±0.10d	10.40±0.43c	3.59±0.07d	10.93±0.21c	4.17±0.25c
N1	6.92±0.18d	12.30±0.11b	3.73±0.16d	9.87±0.25c	3.41±0.07c
N2	9.36±0.13c	14.53±0.27a	4.22±0.11d	12.85±0.13c	3.80±0.35c
N3	13.98±0.77b	15.93±0.74a	5.32±0.22c	18.75±0.21b	5.51±0.05b
N4	15.33±0.31ab	15.30±0.64a	8.71±0.25b	20.40±0.30ab	6.11±0.24ab
N5	16.05±0.31a	15.20±0.41a	12.10±0.47a	21.13±0.50a	6.86±0.20a

处理 Treatment	N转运量 (mg/盆) N translocation (mg/pot)	转运N占籽粒N比例 Proportion of N translocation to grain (%)	营养器官氮转运率 N translocation rate of source- sink (%)
N0	31.59±0.62c	49.89±0.58b	39.70±0.76c
N1	155.09±11.96b	67.48±5.47ab	63.33±1.22b
N2	272.55±11.74b	71.60±1.67a	70.40±0.49ab
N3	490.11±32.08a	76.45±4.79a	76.76±0.86a
N4	470.19±44.33a	72.54±5.30a	61.09±1.93ab
N5	235.29±32.22b	52.16±5.18b	44.12±4.86c