Crops ›› 2016, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 99-106.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.06.017

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Research and Application on System of Water-Saving, Fertilizer-Saving, Pesticide-Saving and Simplified Technology of Winter Wheat in Beijing

Wang Junying1,Zhou Jihong1,Meng Fanyu1,Mao Sishuai1,Yang Jianguo2,Zhang Jinliang2,Liu Yajia3,Li Xiaolong4   

  1. 1 Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station,Beijing 100101,China
    2 Beijing Plant Protection Station,Beijing 100000,China
    3 College of Science,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100094,China
    4 Beijing Agricultural Test and Identification Extension Station,Beijing 100079,China
  • Received:2016-06-24 Revised:2016-10-14 Online:2016-12-15 Published:2018-08-26

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Abstract:

According to the problems of large consumption of water and fertilizer on agriculture, of more cultivation operations, and of high cost of wheat production in Beijing, water-saving irrigation equipments such as circle sprinkler were selected. It was studied that the irrigation amount of 1 650m 3/hm 2 with sprinkler achieved high efficiency under the condition of limited irrigation. A device for fertilization used in field was developed to improve the fertilizer use efficiency. Four kinds of composite dressing agents for seed, such as Gaoqiao and Kulasi, were selected to reduce the amount of pesticide application. 2BMSF-16/8 Strip Rotary Tillage Wheat Seeder was introduced from Henan province and was transformed according to the requirements of the suburbs of Beijing to improve the efficiency of agricultural operations. Then system of water-saving, fertilizer-saving and pesticide -saving and simplified technology of wheat was formed, including using drought-resistant varieties, using water-saving irrigation equipments such as circle sprinkler, using the technology of water and fertilizer integration, or using slow-release compound fertilizer as the base fertilizer (or using slow-release urea as top dressing in the stage of greening) to reduce the amount of fertilizer. This technology had been applied in lager areas of the suburb fields of Beijing and achieved good results.

Key words: Winter wheat, Water-saving, Fertilizer-saving, Pesticide-saving, Simplified technology, Technology system

Table 1

Results of drought-resistant identification of wheat varieties"

品种Variety 种子萌发期Seed germination period 苗期Seedling stage 全生育期Growth period 综合抗旱指数Integrated
drought index
种子相对发芽率(%)
Relative seed
germination rate		 等级
Grade		 干旱存活率(%)
Survival rate under
drought resistance		 等级
Grade		 抗旱指数
Drought
resistance index		 等级
Grade
农大5408 Nongda 5408 16 HS 96.0 HR 0.54 HS 1.8
甘15 Gan 15 51 MR 98.0 HR 0.00 HS 2.0
京麦6 Jingmai 6 15 HS 93.3 HR 1.18 R 3.9
京麦7 Jingmai 7 66 MR 90.0 HR 1.08 MR 3.4
京麦8 Jingmai 8 69 MR 98.0 HR 0.69 HS 2.0
轮选987 Lunxuan 987 21 HS 90.7 HR 0.73 S 2.5
农大211 Nongda 211 23 HS 90.0 HR 1.26 R 3.9
农大212 Nongda 212 31 S 91.3 HR 1.22 R 4.0
农大3486 Nongda 3486 51 MR 100.0 HR 1.37 HR 4.8
农大5181 Nongda 5181 93 HR 97.3 HR 0.91 MR 3.6
中麦0818 Zhongmai 0818 37 S 69.3 R 1.13 R 3.8
中麦175 Zhongmai 175 62 MR 78.7 HR 1.00 MR 3.4

Table 2

Results of wheat yield under different irrigation methods"

处理
Treatments		 穗数(万/hm2)
Spike number		 穗粒数
Kernels per spike		 千粒重(g)
1000-grain weight		 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield		 增幅(%)
Increasing rate
滴灌Drip irrigation 727.5b 30.1a 41.7a 7 761.0ab 11.4
微喷Micro-irrigation 738.0b 30.2a 41.1a 7 786.5ab 11.8
圆形喷灌Sprinkler irrigation 769.5a 30.5a 42.6a 8 499.0a 22.0
半固定式喷灌(CK) Semi-fixed sprinkler irrigation 712.5b 30.1a 38.2b 6 963.0b -

Table 3

Yield and yield components under different irrigations"

试验Experiment 处理Treatments 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield		 减幅(%)
Reduction		 穗数(万/hm2)
Spike number		 减幅(%)
Reduction		 穗粒数
Kernels per spike		 减幅(%)
Reduction		 千粒重(g)
1000-grain weight		 减幅(%)
Reduction
田间Field 5水（CK） 7 528.2a - 815.9a - 28.7a - 37.9a -
4水 7 345.5a 2.4 811.2a 0.6 28.6a 0.4 37.4a 1.3
3水 7 220.0a 4.1 794.4a 2.6 28.6a 0.2 37.4a 1.3
2水 6 509.4b 13.5 727.7b 10.8 28.4ab 1.1 37.1a 1.9
1水 5 871.2c 22.0 688.4c 15.6 27.3b 4.9 36.8a 2.8
盆栽Pot 5水（CK） 6 588.5a - 657.2a - 26.8a - 37.1a -
4水 6 210.3a 5.7 649.4a 0.1 26.7a 0.0 35.8a 0.3
3水 5 539.5ab 15.9 633.8a 0.4 25.1a 0.4 35.0a 0.5
2水 4 731.3b 28.2 639.0a 0.3 23.8ab 0.7 31.2b 1.3
1水 3 566.0c 45.9 563.7b 1.4 20.4b 1.5 31.1b 1.4

Table 4

Effects of nitrogen application styles on wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency"

处理
Treatment		 子粒产量(kg/hm2)
Grain yield		 氮肥利用率(%)
Nitrogen use efficiency		 追施氮肥利用率(%)
Nitrogen use efficiency as top dressing		 氮素收获指数(%)
Nitrogen harvest index
不施No fertilization 6 276.0d - - 74.30
底施Basal application 6 895.5c 12.07 - 69.32
撒施Broadcasting application 7 392.0b 28.12 16.05 55.86
喷施Spraying application 7 918.5a 30.11 18.04 61.61

Table 5

Effects of integration of water and fertilizer on wheat in Shunyi"

年份
Year		 灌溉方式
Irrigation style		 灌水量(m3/hm2)
Irrigation amount		 纯氮量(kg/hm2)
Pure nitrogen amount		 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield		 增幅(%)
Increasing rate
2014 圆形喷灌 1 950 232.5 8 295 18.7
微喷 1 950 232.5 8 025 14.8
滴灌 1 950 232.5 7 275 4.1
半固定式喷灌（CK） 2 700 291.0 6 990 -
2015 圆形喷灌 1 800 222.0 8 025 17.8
微喷 1 800 222.0 7 785 14.3
滴灌 1 800 222.0 7 680 12.8
半固定式喷灌（CK） 2 250 283.0 6 810 -
2016 圆形喷灌 1 650 225.0 8 220 16.1
微喷 1 650 225.0 7 845 10.8
滴灌 1 650 225.0 7 950 12.3
半固定式喷灌（CK） 2 175 300.0 7 080 -

Table 6

Effects of application of slow-release compound fertilizer and urea on wheat yield and output"

试验地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 穗数(万/hm2)
Spike number		 穗粒数
Kernels per spike		 千粒重(g)
1000-grain weight		 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield
房山Fangshan 缓释复合肥 888.0a 29.3a 39.5a 8 736.0a
复合肥+缓释尿素 822.0b 29.8a 39.7a 8 266.5b
复合肥+普通尿素(CK) 774.0c 30.1a 39.6a 7 842.0c
通州Tongzhou 缓释复合肥 840.0a 31.7a 39.0a 7 698.0a
复合肥+缓释尿素 813.0b 32.3a 39.5a 7 380.0b
复合肥+普通尿素(CK) 805.5b 30.4b 39.7a 7 074.0c

Table 7

Control effects of several seed dressing agents on aphid and powdery mildew"

处理
Treatment		 防治蚜虫效果Effect of aphids control(%) 防治白粉病效果Effect on powdery mildew disease(%) 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield
11月6日 4月10日 5月10日 4月30日 5月20日
辛硫磷2mL/kg+多菌灵2g/kg（CK） 11.4C 50.0BC 47.6E 40.8H 10.7D 5 847.0BC
奥拜瑞6mL/kg 100.0A 100.0A 62.8BCD 69.7A 40.0AB 6 109.5B
高巧4.8g/kg+立克秀0.5g/kg 100.0A 100.0A 69.0B 66.2B 42.1A 6 519.0A
噻虫嗪4g/kg+立克秀0.5g/kg 100.0A 95.0AB 86.4A 41.0H 23.5C 6 633.0A
酷拉斯600g/kg 100.0A 95.0AB 61.9CD 58.4DE 7.2E 6 586.5A

Table 8

Comparison of operating efficiency to wheat aphid among three plant protection machineries"

植保机械
Machine		 平均防效(%)
Average control effect		 作业面积(m2)
Operation area		 平均用时(min)
Average used time		 作业效率(hm2/h)
Operating efficiency
WSZ-2410型旋翼无人施药机 94.7 1 000 0.6 10.00
3WX-280H型自走式喷杆喷雾机 84.3 800 2.0 2.40
电动背负式喷雾器 83.0 600 30.0 0.12

Table 9

Sowing quality and yield among different types of seeder under the condition of minimum tillage in Shunyi in 2015"

机型
Machine		 整地方式
Land preparation method		 断条率(%)
Rate of broken strip		 播深合格率(%)
Pass rate of sowing depth		 穗数(万/hm2)
Spike number		 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield
约翰迪尔1590 重耙 13.2 72.0 658.5a 5 541.0b
大华2BFX-12旋耕条播机 重耙 6.1 88.0 474.0b 5 557.5b
大华2BFX-9旋耕条播机 重耙 2.7 88.0 675.0ab 5 707.5b
郓农2BMFZS-12振动深松播种机 重耙 2.5 70.0 760.5a 6 573.0a
鑫飞达2BF-12（对照1) 重耙+翻耕+旋耕 7.1 94.0 729.0a 6 556.5a
鑫飞达2BF-9（对照2) 重耙+翻耕+旋耕 2.8 86.0 721.5a 6 874.5a

Table 10

Sowing quality and yield among different types of seeder under the condition of no-tillage in Fangshan in 2015"

机型
Machine		 整地方式
Land preparation
style		 晾子率(%)
The rate of
exposed seeds		 断条率(%)
The rate of
broken strip		 播深合格率(%)
The pass rate of
sowing depth		 穗数(万hm2)
Spike number		 产量
(kg/hm2)
Yield
约翰迪尔1590 免耕地 42.6 57.80 43.3 442.5 4 207.5c
大华2BFX-9旋耕播种机 免耕地 0 1.10 86.8 567.0 5 109.0b
豪丰2BMSF -16/8带状旋耕 免耕地 0 0.60 88.4 607.5 6 064.5ab
鑫飞达2BF-12（对照) 重耙+翻耕+旋耕 0 0.00 89.4 708.0 6 258.5a

Table 11

Application effect of water-saving, fertilizer-saving and simplified technology from 2014 to 2015"

类型Type 产量(kg/hm2)
Yield		 水分生产效率(kg/m3)
Water use efficiency		 纯养分产出(kg/kg)
Pure nutrient use efficiency		 劳动生产率(kg/工·日)
Labor use efficiency
2015年示范 7 942.5 2.0 17.0 323.4
2014年示范 7 329.0 1.7 17.0 271.4
2015年常规 6 625.5 1.7 13.8 259.8
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