Crops ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 89-98.doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2025.01.011

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Physiological Mechanism of Increased Panicle Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Alleviating High-Temperature Damage during the Rice Panicle Initiation Stage

Yan Na(), Xie Keran, Gao Ti, Hu Qiuqian, Cui Kehui()   

  1. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Tillage in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs /College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-12-10 Revised:2024-01-24 Online:2025-02-15 Published:2025-02-12

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Abstract:

The extreme high temperatures caused by global warming seriously affect rice production. The high temperature during the panicle initiation stage impacts the panicle development and spikelet fertility of rice, leading to the yield decline. The high-temperature resistant variety Shanyou 63 (SY63) and the high-temperature sensitive variety Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) were selected for experiment under potted conditions. Two panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rates (low panicle fertilizer, LN, 0.072 g N/kg soil; high panicle fertilizer, HN, 0.144 g N/kg soil) were set in the second stage of panicle initiation and subjected to daytime high temperature treatment (The average temperature under control treatment was 29.6 ℃/26.8 ℃ during the day and night, the high temperature treatment reached 35.6 ℃/27.5 ℃) for successive 15 days. The results showed that compared with the control temperature, the high temperature treatment decreased the yield by 36.9% and 24.8% under LN and HN treatments in LYPJ, and spikelet fertility by 22.8% and 8.1%, respectively. There was no significant effect on yield and spikelet fertility in SY63 under high temperature treatment, indicating that increased panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rate significantly promoted the yield formation in LYPJ under high temperature. The increased panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rates increased the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in pre-flowering panicles, and promoted the post-flowering transport of NSC from stems to panicles. The accumulation of panicle NSC and the transport of stem NSC are positively correlated with spikelet fertility, seed-setting rate and yield. Therefore, increasing the panicle nitrogen fertilizer application rates may promote the accumulation and redistribution of assimilates in stems under high temperature, thereby alleviating high- temperature damage during panicle initiation stage.

Key words: Rice, Panicle nitrogen fertilizer, High temperature during panicle initiation stage, Redistribution of assimilates of stem, Yield

Fig.1

The average temperature and relative humidity in the greenhouse during the high temperature treatment The value is the average measured by four sensors at the same time point every day during high temperature treatment (n=4)."

Table 1

Effects of the increased panicle nitrogen application rates on rice yield and its components under high temperature treatment during panicle initiation stage"

品种
Variety		 氮处理
N treatment		 温度处理
Temperature
treatment		 产量（g/株）
Yield (g/plant)		 有效穗数（/株）
Effective panicle
number (per plant)		 穗粒数
Spikelet per
panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting
rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)
LYPJ LN CK 25.2±0.9a 10.7±0.3a 116.6±2.6a 85.5±3.1a 23.7±0.4a
HDT 15.9±1.0c 10.3±0.7a 112.8±9.6a 59.3±6.1c 22.9±0.6a
HN CK 25.8±1.3a 11.7±0.7a 116.4±10.0a 82.5±3.5a 23.3±0.6a
HDT 19.4±0.8b 12.0±0.6a 100.8±0.7a 72.7±0.8b 22.1±0.2a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) *** ns ns *** *
N处理 (N) * * ns * ns
T×N ns ns ns * ns
SY63 LN CK 27.9±1.1b 10.0±0.0b 130.2±3.8a 82.0±3.0a 26.2±0.7a
HDT 27.6±1.4b 11.3±0.7b 117.6±6.0ab 77.5±0.7a 26.9±0.5a
HN CK 34.8±2.5a 15.7±0.7a 109.5±8.6ab 77.6±1.1a 26.2±0.8a
HDT 31.7±1.3ab 14.7±0.3a 105.1±6.3b 77.3±1.2a 26.7±0.8a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ns ns ns ns
N处理 (N) * *** * ns ns
T×N ns * ns ns ns

Fig.2

Effects of the increased panicle nitrogen application rates on rice spikelet and pollen fertility under high temperature treatment during panicle initiation stage Different lowercase letters indicate the difference significance at the P < 0.05 level (LSD test) across the different temperature and different nitrogen panicle fertilizer treatments for the same variety. ns represents no significant difference at P < 0.05 level;“*”,“**”and“***”represent the significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 levels, respectively."

Table 2

Effects of the increased panicle nitrogen application rates on Pn and Tr under high temperature treatment during panicle initiation stage"

品种Variety 氮处理N treatment 温度处理Temperature treatment Pn [μmol/(m2·s)] Tr [mmol/(m2·s)]
LYPJ LN CK 26.7±0.7a 7.4±0.4b
HDT 26.0±0.7ab 9.6±0.3a
HN CK 27.5±0.9a 6.8±0.3b
HDT 23.7±0.8b 9.1±0.3a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) * ***
N处理 (N) ns ns
T×N ns ns
SY63 LN CK 21.7±1.1c 6.6±0.5b
HDT 23.5±0.6bc 8.9±0.2a
HN CK 28.2±0.8a 7.0±0.2b
HDT 24.6±0.4b 9.0±0.2a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ***
N处理 (N) ** ns
T×N * ns

Table 3

Effects of the increased panicle nitrogen application rates on NSC concentration and accumulation in leaves and panicles before flowering under high temperature treatment during panicle initiation stage"

品种
Variety		 氮处理
N treatment		 温度处理
Temperature treatment		 叶片NSC含量
Leaf CNSC (mg/g)		 叶片NSC积累量（g/株）
Leaf TMNSC (g/plant)		 穗NSC含量
Panicle CNSC (mg/g)		 穗NSC积累量（g/株）
Panicle TMNSC (g/plant)
LYPJ LN CK 35.5±1.0c 0.36±0.0c 259.2±13.1a 0.28±0.0a
HDT 44.9±3.3ab 0.48±0.0ab 209.3±11.2c 0.10±0.0b
HN CK 39.1±1.1bc 0.47±0.0b 263.5±6.3a 0.29±0.0a
HDT 48.3±3.3a 0.55±0.0a 223.7±16.3b 0.10±0.0b
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ** ** ** ***
N处理 (N) ns ** ns ns
T×N ns ns ns ns
SY63 LN CK 44.5±2.5a 0.53±0.0b 255.5±16.4a 0.28±0.0a
HDT 43.2±2.6a 0.52±0.0b 231.2±13.6a 0.21±0.0b
HN CK 45.0±3.5a 0.66±0.0a 241.7±14.6a 0.23±0.0ab
HDT 46.7±0.4a 0.69±0.0a 214.2±8.8a 0.19±0.0b
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ns ns *
N处理 (N) ns ** ns ns
T×N ns ns ns ns

Table 4

Effects of the increased panicle nitrogen application rates on stem NSC related traits under high temperature treatment during panicle initiation stage"

品种
Variety		 氮处理
N treatment		 温度处理
Temperature
treatment		 抽穗期
NSC含量
CNSC at heading
(mg/g)		 抽穗期NSC
积累量（g/株）
TMNSC at heading
(g/plant)		 成熟期
NSC含量
CNSC at maturity
(mg/g)		 成熟期NSC
积累量（g/株）
TMNSC at maturity
(g/plant)		 NSC
转运量
ATMNSC
(mg/g)		 NSC
转运效率
ARNSC
(%)		 NSC转运量
对产量贡献率
ACNSC (%)
LYPJ LN CK 202.7±4.4ab 2.7±0.1b 117.2±4.3a 1.6±0.1a 1.1±0.2a 41.4±5.2a 4.6±0.8a
HDT 170.0±1.7c 2.1±0.1c 117.0±3.2a 1.5±0.0a 0.6±0.1b 27.3±2.4b 3.5±0.3b
HN CK 218.9±6.8a 3.1±0.1a 117.0±3.2a 1.5±0.1a 1.5±0.2a 50.6±5.2a 6.0±0.5a
HDT 191.9±3.0bc 2.8±0.1ab 116.8±4.0a 1.5±0.1a 1.2±0.0a 46.1±1.6a 6.6±0.3a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ** ** ns ns * ns ns
N处理 (N) * *** ns ns ** * **
T×N ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
SY63 LN CK 224.0±3.1a 4.3±0.2a 122.0±2.7a 2.3±0.1a 2.0±0.2a 46.9±3.1a 7.3±0.6a
HDT 231.0±5.8a 4.3±0.5a 123.2±5.2a 2.3±0.1a 2.0±0.4a 44.9±4.6a 7.1±0.6a
HN CK 232.4±4.0a 4.8±0.1a 126.5±3.6a 2.4±0.2a 2.3±0.1a 48.8±3.1a 6.7±1.2a
HDT 216.7±1.2a 4.2±0.2a 125.7±3.6a 2.2±0.1a 2.0±0.3a 46.9±4.5a 6.5±1.2a
方差分析Analysis of variance
温度 (T) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
N处理 (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
T×N * ns ns ns ns ns ns

Table 5

The correlation of rice fertility and yield with NSC related traits under high temperature treatment"

指标Index 颖花育性Spikelet fertility 花粉育性Pollen fertility 结实率Seed-setting rate 产量Yield
茎鞘NSC积累量TMNSC in stems 0.73** 0.86*** 0.82*** 0.87***
叶片NSC积累量TMNSC in leaves 0.54 0.54 0.55* 0.59*
穗NSC积累量TMNSC in panicles 0.56* 0.80** 0.66* 0.78**
ATMNSC 0.73** 0.78** 0.77** 0.75**
ARNSC 0.80** 0.69* 0.76** 0.54
ACNSC 0.74** 0.62* 0.69* 0.42
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