植物耐盐机理研究进展

doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2022.05.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高盐是限制农作物生长和生产最主要的非生物逆境之一。土壤中过多的盐离子对植物细胞造成渗透、离子和氧化胁迫。植物感知胁迫信号后,激活脱落酸、盐过敏感通路维持体内渗透平衡和离子稳态,运行抗氧化系统以应对过量的活性氧。本文通过信号转导、渗透保护剂及溶质的生物合成、离子稳态及区域化、抗氧化系统和植物激素调控等方面综述了植物盐胁迫反应的组成、途径及其调控机制的研究进展,有助于研究人员在逆境条件下培育高产优质的农作物。

关键词: 盐胁迫, 耐盐机理, 离子转运, 抗氧化系统

Abstract:

High salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and production. Excessive salt ions in soil cause osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress to plant cells. Plants respond to stress signals by activating ascorbic acid and salt overly sensitive pathways to maintain ion homeostasis and osmotic balance as well as antioxidant systems to combat excessive reactive oxygen species. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the components, pathways and regulatory mechanisms of salt stress responses in plants from the aspects of signal transduction, biosynthesis of osmoprotectants and solutes, ion homeostasis and regionalization, antioxidant system and plant hormone regulation. It can help researchers develop high-yield and high-quality crops under stress conditions.

Key words: Salt stress, Salt tolerance mechanism, Ion transport, Antioxidation system

王瀚祥, 李广存, 徐建飞, 王万兴, 金黎平. 植物耐盐机理研究进展[J]. 作物杂志, 2022 (5): 1–12

Wang Hanxiang, Li Guangcun, Xu Jianfei, Wang Wanxing, Jin Liping. Advances in Research on Salt Tolerance Mechanism of Plants[J]. Crops, 2022(5): 1–12

图/表 6

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表1

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活性氧清除酶及其在转基因植物抗盐胁迫中的作用

名称 Name	来源 Source	目标作物 Target crop	转基因作物表现 Transgenic crop performance	参考文献 Reference
SOD
Mn-SOD	拟南芥	拟南芥	过表达Mn-SOD拟南芥表现出更强的耐盐性,同时增强了其他抗氧化酶活性。	[54]
TaSOD1.1/1.2	小麦	烟草	过表达TaSOD1.1/1.2基因烟草SOD活性显著提高,丙二醛含量明显降低。转基因植株的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量升高,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量也相应升高。	[55]
TaSOD2	小麦	小麦、拟南芥	盐胁迫下过表达TaSOD2植株降低了体内H₂O₂水平,但增加了O₂^-水平,同时增强了植株体内H₂O₂代谢酶和O₂^-制造酶NOX活性。	[56]
PaSOD;RaAPX	暗红委陵菜、藏边大黄	拟南芥	与野生型相比,PaSOD和双转基因株系维管束木质素沉积增强,转基因植株的盐胁迫长势、生物量和产量均好于野生型。	[57]
CAT
CsCAT3	黄瓜	拟南芥	过表达CsCAT3基因的拟南芥耐盐性显著增强。	[58]
ScCAT2	甘蔗	大肠杆菌	携带ScCAT2基因的大肠杆菌耐盐性增强。	[59]
APX
APX	拟南芥	烟草	转基因烟草耐盐性增强。	[60]
名称 Name	来源 Source	目标作物 Target crop	转基因作物表现 Transgenic crop performance	参考文献 Reference
OsAPX2	水稻	水稻	敲除OsAPX2基因水稻在盐胁迫下丙二醛、H₂O₂含量均较高,而转OsAPX2基因系丙二醛、H₂O₂含量均较低。	[61]
SbpAPX	盐角草	烟草	过表达烟草表现出生长势和生物量的增多,并明显提升了耐盐性。	[62]
cAPX	豌豆	番茄	转基因番茄在盐胁迫下叶片损伤程度明显改善。	[63]
GPX
W69、W106	小麦	拟南芥	过表达拟南芥植株对于H₂O₂耐性更强,盐胁迫下耐受性更强,与耐盐相关基因也被诱导表达。	[64]
AtGPXL5	拟南芥	拟南芥	过表达转基因拟南芥在盐胁迫下,幼苗的发芽率、幼苗生长和叶绿素含量均保持良好。	[65]
NnGPX6	荷花	水稻	转基因植株对盐胁迫的耐受性明显高于野生型。	[66]
MDHAR
MDAR1	拟南芥	烟草	转基因烟草具有较高的单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性和较低的ASA水平,对臭氧、盐和PEG胁迫有更强耐受性。	[67]
MDHAR	金虎尾	烟草	盐胁迫下,转基因烟草植株的ASA积累量和MDHAR活性均高于对照植株,转基因植株的脂质过氧化和叶绿素降解受到抑制。	[68]
OsMDHAR	水稻	酵母	携带OsMDHAR的酵母在抗逆性方面表现出更好的耐性。	[69]
DHAR
DHAR	拟南芥	水稻	转基因水稻耐盐性增强。	[70]
AtDHAR	拟南芥	马铃薯	转基因马铃薯的DHAR活性是野生型的4.5倍,抗坏血酸还原水平是野生型的2.8倍,在干旱和盐胁迫下表现出较快的生长速度。	[71]
AtDHAR	拟南芥	烟草	转基因植株保持了ASA的氧化还原状态,对臭氧、干旱、盐和PEG胁迫的耐受性增强。	[67]
GR
GR3	水稻	水稻	敲除GR3水稻在盐胁迫下表现出更强的敏感性,补充GR3水稻恢复了盐胁迫下的生长和生理损伤。	[72]

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抗氧化酶 Antioxidase	酶编号 Enzyme number	反应式 Reaction equation
SOD	EC 1.15.1.1	O₂^-+O₂^-+2H⁺→2H₂O₂+O₂
CAT	EC 1.11.1.6	2H₂O₂→2H₂O+O₂
APX	EC 1.11.1.11	H₂O₂+AA→2H₂O+DHA
GPX	EC 1.11.1.7	H₂O₂+GSH→H₂O+GSSG
MDHAR	EC 1.6.5.4	MDHA+NAD(P)H→AA+NAD(P)⁺
DHAR	EC 1.8.5.1	DHA+2GSH→AA+GSSG
GR	EC 1.6.4.2	GSSG+NAD(P)H→2GSH+NAD(P)⁺