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作物杂志,2026, 第1期: 240–248 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.030

• 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对小麦籽粒主要矿质元素含量的影响和有效性分析

王云江1,2(), 王玉莹1, 刘畅1,2, 敬雪妍1,2, 羊辰1,2, 孙彩霞3(), 王春平1,2()   

  1. 1河南科技大学农学院，471000，河南洛阳
    2神农种业实验室，450000，河南郑州
    3博爱县农业机械技术中心，454000，河南焦作
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13 修回日期:2024-09-27 出版日期:2026-02-15 发布日期:2026-02-10
  • 通讯作者: 王春平，主要从事小麦种质创新与分子遗传育种研究，E-mail：chunpingw@163.com；孙彩霞为共同通信作者，主要从事作物生产技术推广工作，E-mail：baslx0715@126.com
  • 作者简介:王云江，主要从事小麦遗传育种研究，E-mail：19837960589@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    河南省重大科技专项(231100110300);神农种业实验室“一流课题”项目(SN01-2022-01)

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Major Mineral Element Content and Bioavailability in Wheat Grains

Wang Yunjiang1,2(), Wang Yuying1, Liu Chang1,2, Jing Xueyan1,2, Yang Chen1,2, Sun Caixia3(), Wang Chunping1,2()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
    2The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
    3Bo?ai County Agricultural Machinery Technology Center, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China
  • Received:2024-08-13 Revised:2024-09-27 Online:2026-02-15 Published:2026-02-10

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摘要：

探究不同环境下小麦品种的最佳施氮量，为提升小麦籽粒矿质元素含量提供科学依据。以15CA73、济麦22、中麦255和中麦578为材料，在河南安阳、安徽合肥、山东潍坊和聊城4个环境设置5种氮处理：不施氮（N0）、基施纯氮45 kg/hm2+拔节期追施纯氮45 kg/hm2（N45+45）、基施纯氮90 kg/hm2+拔节期追施纯氮90 kg/hm2（N90+90）、基施纯氮135 kg/hm2+拔节期追施纯氮135 kg/hm2（N135+135）以及基施纯氮180 kg/hm2+拔节期追施纯氮180 kg/hm2（N180+180）。结果表明，籽粒中K和P（r=0.72）、Zn和Cu（r=0.69）等元素含量间相关系数较高，达极显著水平（P<0.01）。与N0处理相比，N180+180处理下潍坊试验点小麦籽粒中Ca、Cu、Mg和S含量在各环境中最高，分别提高了11.06%、10.78%、0.15%和7.83%，N135+135处理下潍坊试验点Zn含量最高，提高了46.01%。与N0处理相比，N180+180处理下中麦255籽粒Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn和S含量在各参试品种中最高，分别提高了2.42%、3.50%、1.65%、4.23%和16.10%；N135+135处理下中麦255籽粒Zn含量最高，提高了13.26%。综上，增施氮肥提高了小麦籽粒Ca、Cu、Fe、Mn、S、Mg和Zn含量，K含量受施氮量影响较小，P含量有下降趋势；同时降低了P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn值，使籽粒中Mg、Fe和Zn的生物有效性得到进一步提升。在安阳、合肥、聊城和潍坊试验点种植小麦推荐的最佳氮肥处理分别为N135+135、N0、N180+180和N180+180。15CA73和济麦22的最佳氮肥处理为N0，中麦255和中麦578的最佳氮肥处理为N180+180。

关键词: 小麦, 施氮量, 籽粒, 矿质元素, 生物有效性

Abstract:

To explore the optimal nitrogen application rate for different wheat varieties in various environments and provide a scientific basis for enhancing the mineral element content in wheat grains, this study used 15CA73, Jimai 22, Zhongmai 255, and Zhongmai 578 as experimental materials. Five nitrogen application treatments were established across four environments: Anyang (Henan), Hefei (Anhui), Weifang (Shandong), and Liaocheng (Shandong). These treatments included no nitrogen application (N0), basal application of 45 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 45 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N45+45), basal application of 90 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 90 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N90+90), basal application of 135 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 135 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N135+135), and basal application of 180 kg/ha pure nitrogen + topdressing of 180 kg/ha pure nitrogen at the jointing stage (N180+180). The results showed highly and extremely significant correlation coefficients (P < 0.01) between the contents of elements such as K and P (r = 0.72), and Zn and Cu (r = 0.69) in grains. Compared with the N0 treatment, the N180+180 treatment resulted in the highest contents of Ca, Cu, Mg, and S in wheat grains at the Weifang site across all environments, with increases of 11.06%, 10.78%, 0.15%, and 7.83%, respectively. The Zn content at the Weifang experimental site was highest under the N135+135 treatment, showing a 46.01% increase compared to the N0 treatment. Furthermore, compared with the N0 treatment, the N180+180 treatment led to the highest contents of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and S in Zhongmai 255 grains among all tested varieties, with increases of 2.42%, 3.50%, 1.65%, 4.23%, and 16.10%, respectively. The Zn content in Zhongmai 255 grains was the highest under the N135+135 treatment, increasing by 13.26% compared to N0 treatment. In summary, increased nitrogen application enhanced the contents of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, S, Mg, and Zn in wheat grains. K content was less affected by nitrogen application, while P content showed a declining trend. Concurrently, the P/Mg, P/Fe, and P/Zn ratios decreased, further improving the bioavailability of Mg, Fe, and Zn in the grains. Therefore, the recommended optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatments for wheat cultivation at the experimental sites are N135+135 for Anyang, N0 for Hefei, N180+180 for Liaocheng, and N180+180 for Weifang. Moreover, N0 is determined to be the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment for 15CA73 and Jimai 22, whereas N180+180 is optimal for Zhongmai 255 and Zhongmai 578.

Key words: Wheat, Nitrogen application rate, Grain, Mineral element, Bioavailability

表1

试验点、品种、施氮量及其交互作用对小麦籽粒矿质元素含量的影响

处理Treatment Ca Cu Fe K Mg Mn P S Zn
试验点Test site (T) 1317.28** 755.47** 39.67** 389.40** 200.55** 363.12** 149.81** 1564.35** 204.32**
品种Variety (V) 58.60** 68.04** 270.35** 179.12** 82.39** 5.26* 115.98** 165.51** 2.94*
施氮量N application rate (N) 7.13** 6.30** 32.31** 24.62** 8.96** 2.60* 10.49** 496.65** 48.50**
试验点×品种T×V 11.40** 4.75** 11.07** 28.97** 6.45** 1.39 8.27** 2.08* 11.35**
试验点×施氮量T×N 40.73** 17.93** 17.64** 14.31** 5.10** 4.12** 9.94** 41.09** 25.24**
品种×施氮量V×N 2.29** 1.65 1.10 2.95** 1.97* 0.79 2.01* 1.24 1.41
试验点×品种×施氮量T×V×N 2.78** 2.63** 2.43** 2.46** 2.61** 0.93 2.38** 2.27** 2.53**

图1

施氮量对不同环境下小麦籽粒矿质元素含量的影响 不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。下同。

图2

施氮量对不同品种小麦籽粒矿质元素含量的影响

图3

小麦籽粒中矿质元素含量相关分析 “*”和“**”分别表示相关性达显著（P < 0.05）和极显著（P < 0.01）水平。

表2

施氮量与品种差异对小麦籽粒Ca、Mg、Fe和Zn生物有效性的影响

项目Item P/Ca P/Fe P/Mg P/Zn
N0 10.13±0.31a 105.96±2.54a 2.31±0.02a 181.58±4.23a
N45+45 10.57±0.35a 107.14±2.07a 2.31±0.03a 181.60±4.43a
N90+90 10.18±0.34a 104.53±1.61ab 2.27±0.02a 180.06±4.55a
N135+135 10.19±0.29a 97.96±1.67b 2.28±0.02a 162.07±5.02b
N180+180 10.16±0.29a 97.60±1.62b 2.28±0.02a 160.82±3.65b
15CA73 9.88±0.24bc 98.68±1.22b 2.28±0.02b 168.16±3.67a
济麦22 Jimai 22 10.41±0.31b 116.81±1.55a 2.26±0.02b 178.83±4.80a
中麦255 Zhongmai 255 11.30±0.28a 97.21±1.33b 2.36±0.02a 178.61±3.93a
中麦578 Zhongmai 578 9.38±0.23c 98.07±1.71b 2.26±0.02b 167.48±3.71a
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